{"ikmk_mds_id":"18202812","ikmk_id":"2877","eLearning_completed":"0","primary_source_id":"0","title":"Gratianus","inventory_number":"","activated":"yes","item":{"ikmk_item_id":"1","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/item\/1","item_de":"M\u00fcnze","item_en":"Coin","item_nomisma":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/coin"},"permalink":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/object?id=18202812","permalink_source":null,"publisher":{"ikmk_publisher_id":13,"ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/owner\/13","publisher_name":"M\u00fcnzkabinett, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin - Stiftung Preu\u00dfischer Kulturbesitz","publisher_isil":"http:\/\/ld.zdb-services.de\/resource\/organisations\/DE-MUS-814819","publisher_isil_short":"DE-MUS-814819","UID":"http:\/\/ld.zdb-services.de\/resource\/organisations\/DE-MUS-814819\/18202812","legalBodyWeblink":"https:\/\/www.smb.museum\/museen-und-einrichtungen\/muenzkabinett\/home.html","nomisma_address":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/mk_berlin","author":"Dahmen, Karsten"},"owner":{"ikmk_owner_id":"13","owner_name":"Berlin, M\u00fcnzkabinett der Staatlichen Museen","owner_isil":"http:\/\/ld.zdb-services.de\/resource\/organisations\/DE-MUS-814819","owner_isil_short":"DE-MUS-814819","owner_www_address":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/","nomisma_address":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/mk_berlin","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/owner\/13","owner_type":{"de":"Eigentum","en":"Property","ikmk_type_id":"2","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/status_of_property\/2"}},"ikmk_status_id":"7","status":{"de":"vorhanden","en":"present","ikmk_status_id":"7","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/object_status\/7"},"nominal":{"ikmk_nominal_id":"991","nominal_de":"Miliarense (schwer)","nominal_en":"Miliarense (heavy)","nominal_nomisma_id":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/heavy_miliarensis","nominal_gnd_id":"","info_de":"Das M. Ein 324 n. Chr. durch Constantinus I. eingef\u00fchrtes sp\u00e4tantikes Silbernominal. Es gab ein leichtes M. zu 1\/72 Pfund (= 4,55 g) und ein schweres M. zu 1\/60 Pfund (= 5,45 g). Der Name ist erstmals 384 n. Chr. belegt. Das M. galt 1\/12 Solidus und entsprach damit 2 Siliquen. Pr\u00e4gung im Westen unter Honorius I. (reg. 393-423 n. Chr.) eingestellt.","info_en":"","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/denomination\/991"},"patronage":"Fritz Rudolf K\u00fcnker","date_last":"2023-03-14 01:49:51","coin_status":[{"ikmk_coin_status_id":"29","coin_status_name_de":"Antike Herrscherpr\u00e4gung","coin_status_name_en":"Ancient Ruler's issue","coin_status_nomisma_id":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/ruler","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/class_status\/29"}],"mint":[{"ikmk_country_id":"19","country_ndp_url":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/country\/19","country_name_de":"Deutschland","country_name_en":"Germany","country_nomisma_id":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/bundesrepublik_deutschland","country_geoname_id":"http:\/\/www.geonames.org\/2921044","ikmk_region_id":"67","region_ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/region\/67","region_name":"Gallia","region_nomisma_id":"","region_geoname_id":"","ikmk_mint_id":"270","mint_ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/location\/270","mint_name":"Trier","mint_name_de":"Trier","mint_name_en":null,"mint_nomisma_id":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/treveri","mint_geoname_id":"http:\/\/www.geonames.org\/3247911"}],"material":{"ikmk_material_id":"1","material_name_de":"Silber","material_name_en":"Silver","material_nomisma_id":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/ar","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/material\/1"},"diameter":"25 mm","die_axis":"7 h","weight":"5.34 g","accession":"1910\/614","access_year":"1910","access_type":{"ikmk_access_type_id":"1","access_type_name":"Kauf","access_type_nomisma_id":"","access_type_concept_id":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/4128692-3","ndp_uir":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/accession\/1"},"provenienz_extern":"","acquisition_date":"","avers":{"leg_trans":"","leg_text":"D N GRATIA-NVS P F AVG","image_description":"Drapierte Panzerb\u00fcste des Gratianus mit Diadem in der Brustansicht nach r.","foto_date":"2006-06-19","photographer":{"ikmk_photographer_id":"4","photographer_name":"Lutz-J\u00fcrgen L\u00fcbke (L\u00fcbke und Wiedemann)","photographer_gnd":"","photographer_viaf":""},"path_thumbnail":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/image\/18202812\/vs_opt.jpg","path_opt":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/image\/18202812\/vs_opt.jpg","path_opt_rel":"\/data\/www\/001-ikmk\/mk-edit\/images\/n2\/2877\/vs_opt.jpg","path":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/image\/18202812\/vs_org.jpg","path_org":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/image\/18202812\/vs_org.jpg","image_timestamp":1643737783,"copyright":{"short":"PDM 1.0","url":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/","de":"Bilddateien sind lizenziert als&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.de\" target=\"_blank\">Public Domain Mark 1.0<\/a>. Berlin, M\u00fcnzkabinett der Staatlichen Museen, 18202812. Aufnahme durch Lutz-J\u00fcrgen L\u00fcbke (L\u00fcbke und Wiedemann).","en":"Image files are licensed&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.en\" target=\"_blank\">Public Domain Mark 1.0<\/a>. Berlin, M\u00fcnzkabinett der Staatlichen Museen, 18202812. Photographs by Lutz-J\u00fcrgen L\u00fcbke (L\u00fcbke und Wiedemann)."}},"revers":{"leg_trans":"","leg_text":"VOTIS \/ X \/ MVLTIS \/ XX \/\/ TRP S","image_description":"Vierzeilige Vota-Aufschrift in Lorbeerkranz.","foto_date":"2006-06-19","photographer":{"ikmk_photographer_id":"4","photographer_name":"Lutz-J\u00fcrgen L\u00fcbke (L\u00fcbke und Wiedemann)","photographer_gnd":"","photographer_viaf":""},"path_thumbnail":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/image\/18202812\/rs_opt.jpg","path_opt":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/image\/18202812\/rs_opt.jpg","path_opt_rel":"\/data\/www\/001-ikmk\/mk-edit\/images\/n2\/2877\/rs_opt.jpg","path":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/image\/18202812\/rs_org.jpg","path_org":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/image\/18202812\/rs_org.jpg","image_timestamp":1643737783,"copyright":{"short":"PDM 1.0","url":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/","de":"Bilddateien sind lizenziert als&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.de\" target=\"_blank\">Public Domain Mark 1.0<\/a>. Berlin, M\u00fcnzkabinett der Staatlichen Museen, 18202812. Aufnahme durch Lutz-J\u00fcrgen L\u00fcbke (L\u00fcbke und Wiedemann).","en":"Image files are licensed&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.en\" target=\"_blank\">Public Domain Mark 1.0<\/a>. Berlin, M\u00fcnzkabinett der Staatlichen Museen, 18202812. Photographs by Lutz-J\u00fcrgen L\u00fcbke (L\u00fcbke und Wiedemann)."}},"division":{"ikmk_division_id":"1","division_name_de":"Antike","division_name_en":"Antiquity"},"sub_division":{"ikmk_subdivision_id":"15","subdivision_name_de":"R\u00f6mische Sp\u00e4tantike","subdivision_name_en":"Roman Late Antiquity"},"literatur":"RIC IX Nr. 41 b (dieses St\u00fcck).","comment":"Als Miliarense wird ein 324 n. Chr. erstmals gepr\u00e4gtes Silbernominal bezeichnet. Es werden das schwere Miliarense zu 1\/60 des r\u00f6m. Pfundes und das leichte zu 1\/72 unterschieden. - Flavius Gratianus wurde am 18.4.359 n. Chr. als Sohn des sp\u00e4teren Kaisers Valentinianus I. und der Marina Severa in Sirmium geboren. Bereits am 24.8.367 wurde er zum Augustus ernannt und heiratete im Jahre 374 die Constantia, eine Tochter des Constantius II. Seit dem Tode seines Vaters herrschte er selbstst\u00e4ndig im Westen des Reiches. In der Folge des Todes des Valens ernannte Gratianus den Theodosius am 19.1.379 n. Chr. zum Mitherrscher. Als seine Gattin 383 n. Chr. starb, heiratete er kurz darauf die Laeta. Am 25.8.383 wurde Gratianus von einem Kommandeur des Usurpators Magnus Maximus in Lyon gefangen genommen und get\u00f6tet.","period":{"ikmk_period_id":"10","name_de":"R\u00f6mische Sp\u00e4tantike","name_en":"Roman Late Antiquity","description_de":"Hier definiert als die Zeit vom Regierungsantritt des r\u00f6mischen Kaiser Diocletianus 284 n. Chr. bis zum Untergang des westr\u00f6mische Reiches 476 n. Chr.","description_en":"Here defined as the period between the reign of Diocletianus (from AD 284) to the downfall of the Roman empire in the West in AD 476.","concept_id":"http:\/\/vocab.getty.edu\/aat\/300020666","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/period\/10"},"year_start":"375","year_end":"378","date_verbal":"375-378 n. Chr.","year_islam":"0","references":[{"ikmk_referenz_id":156,"souce":"RIC IX Treveri","number":"041b","similar":"0"}],"type_references":{"6219":"http:\/\/numismatics.org\/ocre\/id\/ric.9.tri.41B"},"manufacturing":[{"ikmk_manufacturing_id":"21","manufacturing_name_de":"gepr\u00e4gt","manufacturing_name_en":"struck","nomisma_id":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/struck","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/manufacture\/21"}],"linked_persons_corporations":{"54":{"ikmk_type_id":"54","type_name_de":"Dargestellte\/r","type_name_en":"Sitter","type_nomisma_id":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/portrait","type_concept_id":"http:\/\/vocab.getty.edu\/aat\/300189844","ndp_id":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/type_for_person_and_corporation\/54","items":{"737":{"ikmk_person_id":"737","title_de":null,"first_name_de":null,"last_name_de":"Gratianus","vitalDates":"18.04.359 - 25.08.383 n. Chr.","title_en":null,"first_name_en":null,"last_name_en":"Gratianus","corporation":"0","lod":{"https:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/11869720X":"https:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/11869720X","https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gratian":"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gratian","https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gratian":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gratian","https:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/gratian":"https:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/gratian","https:\/\/viaf.org\/viaf\/57409191":"https:\/\/viaf.org\/viaf\/57409191","https:\/\/www.britishmuseum.org\/collection\/term\/BIOG140684":"https:\/\/www.britishmuseum.org\/collection\/term\/BIOG140684","https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q189108":"https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q189108","https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/person\/737":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/person\/737"}}}},"57":{"ikmk_type_id":"57","type_name_de":"Autorit\u00e4t","type_name_en":"Authority","type_nomisma_id":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/authority","type_concept_id":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/1051614252","ndp_id":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/type_for_person_and_corporation\/57","items":{"737":{"ikmk_person_id":"737","title_de":null,"first_name_de":null,"last_name_de":"Gratianus","vitalDates":"18.04.359 - 25.08.383 n. Chr.","title_en":null,"first_name_en":null,"last_name_en":"Gratianus","corporation":"0","lod":{"https:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/11869720X":"https:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/11869720X","https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gratian":"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gratian","https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gratian":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gratian","https:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/gratian":"https:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/gratian","https:\/\/viaf.org\/viaf\/57409191":"https:\/\/viaf.org\/viaf\/57409191","https:\/\/www.britishmuseum.org\/collection\/term\/BIOG140684":"https:\/\/www.britishmuseum.org\/collection\/term\/BIOG140684","https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q189108":"https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q189108","https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/person\/737":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/person\/737"}}}},"125":{"ikmk_type_id":"125","type_name_de":"Ver\u00e4u\u00dferer (an Museum)","type_name_en":"Vendor (to Museum)","type_nomisma_id":"","type_concept_id":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/4126928-7","ndp_id":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/type_for_person_and_corporation\/125","items":{"5437":{"ikmk_person_id":"5437","title_de":null,"first_name_de":null,"last_name_de":"Dr. Jacob Hirsch (M\u00fcnchen)","vitalDates":null,"title_en":null,"first_name_en":null,"last_name_en":"Dr. Jacob Hirsch (Munich)","corporation":"1","lod":{"https:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/5121242-0":"https:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/5121242-0","https:\/\/viaf.org\/viaf\/129825926":"https:\/\/viaf.org\/viaf\/129825926","https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q13693861":"https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q13693861","https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/corporation\/5437":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/corporation\/5437"}}}}},"keywords":[{"ikmk_keyword_id":"1","keyword_de":"Antike","keyword_gnd_uri":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/4068754-5","keyword_concept_uri":"http:\/\/vocab.getty.edu\/aat\/300055818"},{"ikmk_keyword_id":"18","keyword_de":"Deutschland","keyword_gnd_uri":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/4011882-4","keyword_concept_uri":"http:\/\/vocab.getty.edu\/tgn\/7000084"},{"ikmk_keyword_id":"42","keyword_de":"Ereignisse","keyword_gnd_uri":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/4160028-9","keyword_concept_uri":"http:\/\/vocab.getty.edu\/aat\/300069084"},{"ikmk_keyword_id":"31","keyword_de":"M\u00fcnzstand: Antike Herrscher","keyword_gnd_uri":"","keyword_concept_uri":""},{"ikmk_keyword_id":"43","keyword_de":"Portr\u00e4ts","keyword_gnd_uri":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/4006627-7","keyword_concept_uri":"http:\/\/vocab.getty.edu\/aat\/300015637"},{"ikmk_keyword_id":"69","keyword_de":"Silber","keyword_gnd_uri":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/4133759-1","keyword_concept_uri":"http:\/\/www.nomisma.org\/id\/ar"},{"ikmk_keyword_id":"6","keyword_de":"Sp\u00e4tantike, 3.-5. Jh.","keyword_gnd_uri":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/4124227-0","keyword_concept_uri":"http:\/\/vocab.getty.edu\/aat\/300020666"}],"timeline_themes":[{"ikmk_timeline_id":"46","timeline_item":"Von 293 bis zum Ende des 4. Jahrhunderts n. Chr.","description":"Die Regierungszeit des Diocletianus und seiner Mitherrscher (284-305 n. Chr.) ist gekennzeichnet durch eine Neuordnung des Staatswesens: Neue M\u00fcnzsorten wie der Nummus (Follis), der Argenteus und der auf 1\/60 des Pfundes festgesetzte Aureus werden eingef\u00fchrt und in ein festes Wechselverh\u00e4ltnis gesetzt. Diese Ma\u00dfnahmen k\u00f6nnen die Verschlechterung des Geldes nur f\u00fcr kurze Zeit aufhalten. Constantinus I. (306-337) f\u00fchrt mit dem Solidus eine neue Gold- sowie mit Siliqua und Miliarense neue Silberm\u00fcnzen ein; die Bronzenominale unterliegen ebenfalls bereits einer Abwertung. Insgesamt wird aber zur Mitte des 4. Jhs. eine Tendenz zur Goldw\u00e4hrung deutlich. Neue Goldminen werden erschlossen und h\u00f6here St\u00fcckzahlen gepr\u00e4gt. Vom Bronzegeld werden bald in schneller Folge verschiedene Sorten ausgegeben, denen es aber durchweg an dauerhaftem Geldwert mangelt. So wird das Bronzegeld abermals um 348 reformiert, auch Iulianus (genannt Apostata, reg. 361-363) versucht sich in der Einf\u00fchrung eines neuen, gro\u00dfen Bronzenominales. Zum Ende der 360er Jahre wird die regelhafte Kennzeichnung der Solidi als Feingold (OB = Obryzum) verpflichend. Ihre Entsprechung beim Silbergeld ist das K\u00fcrzel PS = pusulatum. Auch nimmt die Bedeutung der silbernen Siliquen immer mehr ab.  F\u00fcr die Bildsprache der M\u00fcnzen seit der Tetrarchie ist die Betonung der absoluten Stellung des Kaisers als Dominus (\u201eHerr\u201c) charakteristisch.","year_from":"293","year_until":"400","autor":"Dahmen, Karsten"}],"text_right":{"short":"CC BY-SA 4.0","icon":"https:\/\/licensebuttons.net\/l\/by-sa\/4.0\/80x15.png","url":{"de":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/deed.de","en":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/deed.en"},"label":{"de":"Creative Commons Namensnennung - Weitergabe unter gleichen Bedingungen 4.0 International","en":"Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International"},"string":{"de":"Texte und Beschreibungen in diesem Online-Katalog stehen unter einer\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/deed.de\" target=\"_blank\">CC BY-SA 4.0<\/a> Lizenz.","en":"Texts and descriptions of this catalogue are licensed <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/deed.en\" target=\"_blank\">CC BY-SA 4.0<\/a>."}},"lod_right":{"short":"PDM 1.0","icon":"https:\/\/licensebuttons.net\/p\/zero\/1.0\/80x15.png","url":{"de":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.de","en":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.en"},"label":{"de":"Public Domain Mark 1.0","en":"Public Domain Mark 1.0"},"string":{"de":"Verwendete LOD-Identifikatoren sind <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.de\" target=\"_blank\">Public Domain Mark 1.0<\/a>\u00a0lizenziert.","en":"LOD ids used are licensed <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.en\" target=\"_blank\">Public Domain Mark 1.0<\/a>."}},"image_restriction_id":0,"image_restriction":"free","image_right":{"short":"PDM 1.0","icon":"https:\/\/licensebuttons.net\/p\/zero\/1.0\/80x15.png","url":{"de":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.de","en":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.en"},"label":{"de":"Public Domain Mark 1.0","en":"Public Domain Mark 1.0"}}}