{"ikmk_mds_id":"18204117","ikmk_id":"4214","eLearning_completed":"0","primary_source_id":"0","title":"Byzanz: Johannes Tzimiskes","inventory_number":"","activated":"yes","item":{"ikmk_item_id":"1","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/item\/1","item_de":"M\u00fcnze","item_en":"Coin","item_nomisma":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/coin"},"permalink":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/object?id=18204117","permalink_source":null,"publisher":{"ikmk_publisher_id":13,"ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/owner\/13","publisher_name":"M\u00fcnzkabinett, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin - Stiftung Preu\u00dfischer Kulturbesitz","publisher_isil":"http:\/\/ld.zdb-services.de\/resource\/organisations\/DE-MUS-814819","publisher_isil_short":"DE-MUS-814819","UID":"http:\/\/ld.zdb-services.de\/resource\/organisations\/DE-MUS-814819\/18204117","legalBodyWeblink":"https:\/\/www.smb.museum\/museen-und-einrichtungen\/muenzkabinett\/home.html","nomisma_address":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/mk_berlin","author":"Dahmen, Karsten"},"owner":{"ikmk_owner_id":"13","owner_name":"Berlin, M\u00fcnzkabinett der Staatlichen Museen","owner_isil":"http:\/\/ld.zdb-services.de\/resource\/organisations\/DE-MUS-814819","owner_isil_short":"DE-MUS-814819","owner_www_address":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/","nomisma_address":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/mk_berlin","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/owner\/13","owner_type":{"de":"Eigentum","en":"Property","ikmk_type_id":"2","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/status_of_property\/2"}},"ikmk_status_id":"7","status":{"de":"vorhanden","en":"present","ikmk_status_id":"7","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/object_status\/7"},"nominal":{"ikmk_nominal_id":"1164","nominal_de":"Tetarteron (Gold)","nominal_en":"Tetarteron (Gold)","nominal_nomisma_id":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/nomisma_tetarteron","nominal_gnd_id":"","info_de":"Durch den Kaiser Nikephoros Phokas (963-969) eingef\u00fchrtes leichteres Gold-Nominal zum regul\u00e4ren solidus, der nun als Histamenon bezeichnet wurde. Anf\u00e4nglich nur durch das leichtere Gewicht zu unterscheiden, entwickelte das Tetarteron eine dickere und schmalere Form, w\u00e4hrend das schwere Histamenon d\u00fcnner und breiter wurde. Im Verlauf des sp\u00e4teren 11. Jahrhunderts wurde die Feinheit des Tetarteron immer mehr verschlechtert und die Pr\u00e4gung schlie\u00dflich 1092 eingestellt.","info_en":"Byzantine light-weight gold denomination with the value of c. 22-22 \u00bd carats. The coin was introduced under Emperor Nikephoros II Phokas (963-969) and continued to be struck until the monetary reform of Alexios I Komnenos (1081-1118) in 1092. During the eleventh century, the coin went through various phases of debasement, with the gold content plummeting in the 1080s.","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/denomination\/1164"},"date_last":"2023-03-14 01:49:51","coin_status":[{"ikmk_coin_status_id":"34","coin_status_name_de":"Kaisertum (MA\/NZ)","coin_status_name_en":"Imperial issue (medieval\/modern)","coin_status_nomisma_id":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/empire","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/class_status\/34"}],"mint":[{"ikmk_country_id":"75","country_ndp_url":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/country\/75","country_name_de":"T\u00fcrkei","country_name_en":"Turkey","country_nomisma_id":"","country_geoname_id":"http:\/\/www.geonames.org\/298795","ikmk_region_id":"410","region_ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/region\/410","region_name":"Thracia","region_nomisma_id":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/thrace","region_geoname_id":"","ikmk_mint_id":"898","mint_ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/location\/898","mint_name":"Konstantinopolis","mint_name_de":"Konstantinopolis","mint_name_en":"Constantinople","mint_nomisma_id":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/constantinople","mint_geoname_id":""}],"material":{"ikmk_material_id":"3","material_name_de":"Gold","material_name_en":"Gold","material_nomisma_id":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/av","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/material\/3"},"diameter":"20 mm","die_axis":"6 h","weight":"3.92 g","accession":"1849\/8878","access_year":"1849","access_type":{"ikmk_access_type_id":"1","access_type_name":"Kauf","access_type_nomisma_id":"","access_type_concept_id":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/4128692-3","ndp_uir":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/accession\/1"},"provenienz_extern":"","acquisition_date":"","avers":{"leg_trans":"Theotoke Boethei Ioanne Despote (\u201eGottesgeb\u00e4rerin, hilf dem Herrn Johannes\u201c)","leg_text":"+ \u0398EOTOC bOH\u0398 IW dESP","image_description":"Maria mit Nimbus (r.) bekr\u00f6nt Johannes (l.), ebenfalls als B\u00fcste in der Vorderansicht, dieser mit Krone und Stola (loros). In seiner r. Hand das Patriarchenkreuz. \u00dcber dem Kaiser die Hand Gottes, \u00fcber Maria M\u0398 (\u201eMutter Gottes\u201c).","foto_date":"2007-08-02","photographer":{"ikmk_photographer_id":"4","photographer_name":"Lutz-J\u00fcrgen L\u00fcbke (L\u00fcbke und Wiedemann)","photographer_gnd":"","photographer_viaf":""},"path_thumbnail":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/image\/18204117\/vs_opt.jpg","path_opt":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/image\/18204117\/vs_opt.jpg","path_opt_rel":"\/data\/www\/001-ikmk\/mk-edit\/images\/n4\/4214\/vs_opt.jpg","path":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/image\/18204117\/vs_org.jpg","path_org":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/image\/18204117\/vs_org.jpg","image_timestamp":1643732693,"copyright":{"short":"PDM 1.0","url":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/","de":"Bilddateien sind lizenziert als&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.de\" target=\"_blank\">Public Domain Mark 1.0<\/a>. Berlin, M\u00fcnzkabinett der Staatlichen Museen, 18204117. Aufnahme durch Lutz-J\u00fcrgen L\u00fcbke (L\u00fcbke und Wiedemann).","en":"Image files are licensed&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.en\" target=\"_blank\">Public Domain Mark 1.0<\/a>. Berlin, M\u00fcnzkabinett der Staatlichen Museen, 18204117. Photographs by Lutz-J\u00fcrgen L\u00fcbke (L\u00fcbke und Wiedemann)."}},"revers":{"leg_trans":"","leg_text":"+ IhS XIS REX REGNANTIUm","image_description":"B\u00fcste des b\u00e4rtigen Christus mit Nimbus im Segensgestus mit Bibel in der l. Hand in der Vorderansicht.","foto_date":"2007-08-02","photographer":{"ikmk_photographer_id":"4","photographer_name":"Lutz-J\u00fcrgen L\u00fcbke (L\u00fcbke und Wiedemann)","photographer_gnd":"","photographer_viaf":""},"path_thumbnail":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/image\/18204117\/rs_opt.jpg","path_opt":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/image\/18204117\/rs_opt.jpg","path_opt_rel":"\/data\/www\/001-ikmk\/mk-edit\/images\/n4\/4214\/rs_opt.jpg","path":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/image\/18204117\/rs_org.jpg","path_org":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/image\/18204117\/rs_org.jpg","image_timestamp":1643732693,"copyright":{"short":"PDM 1.0","url":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/","de":"Bilddateien sind lizenziert als&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.de\" target=\"_blank\">Public Domain Mark 1.0<\/a>. Berlin, M\u00fcnzkabinett der Staatlichen Museen, 18204117. Aufnahme durch Lutz-J\u00fcrgen L\u00fcbke (L\u00fcbke und Wiedemann).","en":"Image files are licensed&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.en\" target=\"_blank\">Public Domain Mark 1.0<\/a>. Berlin, M\u00fcnzkabinett der Staatlichen Museen, 18204117. Photographs by Lutz-J\u00fcrgen L\u00fcbke (L\u00fcbke und Wiedemann)."}},"division":{"ikmk_division_id":"2","division_name_de":"Mittelalter","division_name_en":"Medieval Period"},"sub_division":{"ikmk_subdivision_id":"19","subdivision_name_de":"Hochmittelalter","subdivision_name_en":"High Middle Ages"},"literatur":"Ph. Grierson, Catalogue of the Byzantine coins in the Dumbarton Oaks Collection and in the Whittemore Collection III-2 (1973) 595 Nr. 6a (datiert 969-976); D. R. Sear, Byzantine coins and their values \u00b2(1987) 345 Nr. 1789.","comment":"M\u00fcnze zur Aufh\u00e4ngung der R\u00fcckseite oben gelocht.","period":{"ikmk_period_id":"14","name_de":"Hochmittelalter","name_en":"High Middle Ages","description_de":"Bezeichnung der Epoche zwischen 900 (teilweise auch 1000) und der Mitte des 13. 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Jh.","keyword_gnd_uri":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/7503822-5","keyword_concept_uri":""},{"ikmk_keyword_id":"32","keyword_de":"Kaiser (MA&NZ)","keyword_gnd_uri":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/4114123-4","keyword_concept_uri":""},{"ikmk_keyword_id":"2","keyword_de":"Mittelalter","keyword_gnd_uri":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/4129108-6","keyword_concept_uri":"http:\/\/vocab.getty.edu\/aat\/300020756"},{"ikmk_keyword_id":"20","keyword_de":"Osteuropa","keyword_gnd_uri":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/4075739-0","keyword_concept_uri":"http:\/\/vocab.getty.edu\/tgn\/4003756"},{"ikmk_keyword_id":"43","keyword_de":"Portr\u00e4ts","keyword_gnd_uri":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/4006627-7","keyword_concept_uri":"http:\/\/vocab.getty.edu\/aat\/300015637"}],"timeline_themes":[{"ikmk_timeline_id":"40","timeline_item":"Dollars des Mittelalters - Byzantinische Solidi","description":"Fundament der byzantinischen W\u00e4hrung war der goldene Solidus (griechisch Nomisma), dessen auf Kaiser Konstantin zur\u00fcckgehender Standard von 1\/72 Pfund (= 4,55 g) bis in das 11. Jh. hinein im wesentlichen gehalten wurde. Diese au\u00dferordentliche Stabilit\u00e4t hat den Byzantinischen Solidus zu einer Art Weltw\u00e4hrung der damaligen Zeit werden lassen. Erst im 11. Jh. kam es zu einer Gewichtsverminderung und der Aufspaltung in einen schwereren (Nomisma Histamenom) und einen leichteren Solidus (Nomisma Tetarteron), und 1092 ist der Stolz der byzantinischen W\u00e4hrung mit einer M\u00fcnzreform abgel\u00f6st und durch eine leichtere Goldm\u00fcnze (Hyperperon) ersetzt worden. Halbe Solidi (Semisses) und Drittelsolidi (Trienten) spielten bis ins 8. Jh. eine Rolle, danach nicht mehr. Seit dem 9. Jh. ist das Christusbild st\u00e4ndiges Motiv der byzantinischen Goldm\u00fcnzen.","year_from":"500","year_until":"1100","autor":"Kluge, Bernd"}],"secondary_treatment":[{"ikmk_secondary_treatment_id":"1","item_de":"gelocht","item_en":"pierced","description_de":"Absichtlich angebrachtes Loch (oder mehrere) zur Befestigung an einem Geh\u00e4nge oder einer Unterlage. Im Falle von Papiergeld h\u00e4ufig Lochung zum Zeichen der Entwertung.","description_en":"Intentional hole(s) pierced through a coin so that it can be worn on a neclace, sewn onto textiles, etc. In case of paper money such a perforation often indicates devaluation.","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/secondary_treatment\/1","concept":["http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/pierced"]}],"text_right":{"short":"CC BY-SA 4.0","icon":"https:\/\/licensebuttons.net\/l\/by-sa\/4.0\/80x15.png","url":{"de":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/deed.de","en":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/deed.en"},"label":{"de":"Creative Commons Namensnennung - Weitergabe unter gleichen Bedingungen 4.0 International","en":"Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International"},"string":{"de":"Texte und Beschreibungen in diesem Online-Katalog stehen unter einer\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/deed.de\" target=\"_blank\">CC BY-SA 4.0<\/a> Lizenz.","en":"Texts and descriptions of this catalogue are licensed <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/deed.en\" target=\"_blank\">CC BY-SA 4.0<\/a>."}},"lod_right":{"short":"PDM 1.0","icon":"https:\/\/licensebuttons.net\/p\/zero\/1.0\/80x15.png","url":{"de":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.de","en":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.en"},"label":{"de":"Public Domain Mark 1.0","en":"Public Domain Mark 1.0"},"string":{"de":"Verwendete LOD-Identifikatoren sind <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.de\" target=\"_blank\">Public Domain Mark 1.0<\/a>\u00a0lizenziert.","en":"LOD ids used are licensed <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.en\" target=\"_blank\">Public Domain Mark 1.0<\/a>."}},"image_restriction_id":0,"image_restriction":"free","image_right":{"short":"PDM 1.0","icon":"https:\/\/licensebuttons.net\/p\/zero\/1.0\/80x15.png","url":{"de":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.de","en":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.en"},"label":{"de":"Public Domain Mark 1.0","en":"Public Domain Mark 1.0"}}}