{"ikmk_mds_id":"18204119","ikmk_id":"4216","eLearning_completed":"0","primary_source_id":"0","title":"Byzanz: Constantinus VIII.","inventory_number":"","activated":"yes","item":{"ikmk_item_id":"1","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/item\/1","item_de":"M\u00fcnze","item_en":"Coin","item_nomisma":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/coin"},"permalink":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/object?id=18204119","permalink_source":null,"publisher":{"ikmk_publisher_id":13,"ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/owner\/13","publisher_name":"M\u00fcnzkabinett, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin - Stiftung Preu\u00dfischer Kulturbesitz","publisher_isil":"http:\/\/ld.zdb-services.de\/resource\/organisations\/DE-MUS-814819","publisher_isil_short":"DE-MUS-814819","UID":"http:\/\/ld.zdb-services.de\/resource\/organisations\/DE-MUS-814819\/18204119","legalBodyWeblink":"https:\/\/www.smb.museum\/museen-und-einrichtungen\/muenzkabinett\/home.html","nomisma_address":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/mk_berlin","author":"Dahmen, Karsten"},"owner":{"ikmk_owner_id":"13","owner_name":"Berlin, M\u00fcnzkabinett der Staatlichen Museen","owner_isil":"http:\/\/ld.zdb-services.de\/resource\/organisations\/DE-MUS-814819","owner_isil_short":"DE-MUS-814819","owner_www_address":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/","nomisma_address":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/mk_berlin","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/owner\/13","owner_type":{"de":"Eigentum","en":"Property","ikmk_type_id":"2","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/status_of_property\/2"}},"ikmk_status_id":"7","status":{"de":"vorhanden","en":"present","ikmk_status_id":"7","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/object_status\/7"},"nominal":{"ikmk_nominal_id":"942","nominal_de":"Histamenon","nominal_en":"Histamenon","nominal_nomisma_id":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/nomisma_histamenon","nominal_gnd_id":"","info_de":"Byzantinischer Nachfolger des Solidus ab 963.","info_en":"The term applied to the standard, full-weight gold Byzantine denomination between 963 and 1092 to differentiate from the light-weight gold denomination (nomisma tetarteron). During the reign of Michael IV (1034-1041), the coin began to take a slightly concave shape, with the degree of curvature increasing over time. During the eleventh century, the coin went through various phases of debasement, with the gold content plummeting in the 1080s.","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/denomination\/942"},"date_last":"2023-03-14 01:49:51","coin_status":[{"ikmk_coin_status_id":"34","coin_status_name_de":"Kaisertum (MA\/NZ)","coin_status_name_en":"Imperial issue (medieval\/modern)","coin_status_nomisma_id":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/empire","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/class_status\/34"}],"mint":[{"ikmk_country_id":"75","country_ndp_url":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/country\/75","country_name_de":"T\u00fcrkei","country_name_en":"Turkey","country_nomisma_id":"","country_geoname_id":"http:\/\/www.geonames.org\/298795","ikmk_region_id":"410","region_ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/region\/410","region_name":"Thracia","region_nomisma_id":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/thrace","region_geoname_id":"","ikmk_mint_id":"898","mint_ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/location\/898","mint_name":"Konstantinopolis","mint_name_de":"Konstantinopolis","mint_name_en":"Constantinople","mint_nomisma_id":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/constantinople","mint_geoname_id":""}],"material":{"ikmk_material_id":"3","material_name_de":"Gold","material_name_en":"Gold","material_nomisma_id":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/av","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/material\/3"},"diameter":"25 mm","die_axis":"7 h","weight":"4.38 g","accession":"1855\/17648","access_year":"1855","access_type":{"ikmk_access_type_id":"1","access_type_name":"Kauf","access_type_nomisma_id":"","access_type_concept_id":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/4128692-3","ndp_uir":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/accession\/1"},"provenienz_extern":"","acquisition_date":"","avers":{"leg_trans":"Constantinus Basileus Romaion. Am Legendenbeginn ein Stern","leg_text":"CWnStantIn bASILEUS ROm","image_description":"B\u00fcste des Constantinus VIII. mit Krone und Stola (loros) in der Vorderansicht. In seiner r. Hand ein Feldzeichen (labarum), in der l. Hand ein Beutel (akakia).","foto_date":"2007-08-02","photographer":{"ikmk_photographer_id":"4","photographer_name":"Lutz-J\u00fcrgen L\u00fcbke (L\u00fcbke und Wiedemann)","photographer_gnd":"","photographer_viaf":""},"path_thumbnail":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/image\/18204119\/vs_opt.jpg","path_opt":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/image\/18204119\/vs_opt.jpg","path_opt_rel":"\/data\/www\/001-ikmk\/mk-edit\/images\/n4\/4216\/vs_opt.jpg","path":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/image\/18204119\/vs_org.jpg","path_org":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/image\/18204119\/vs_org.jpg","image_timestamp":1643732573,"copyright":{"short":"PDM 1.0","url":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/","de":"Bilddateien sind lizenziert als&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.de\" target=\"_blank\">Public Domain Mark 1.0<\/a>. Berlin, M\u00fcnzkabinett der Staatlichen Museen, 18204119. Aufnahme durch Lutz-J\u00fcrgen L\u00fcbke (L\u00fcbke und Wiedemann).","en":"Image files are licensed&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.en\" target=\"_blank\">Public Domain Mark 1.0<\/a>. Berlin, M\u00fcnzkabinett der Staatlichen Museen, 18204119. Photographs by Lutz-J\u00fcrgen L\u00fcbke (L\u00fcbke und Wiedemann)."}},"revers":{"leg_trans":"","leg_text":"+ IhS XIS REX REGNANTIhm","image_description":"B\u00fcste des b\u00e4rtigen Christus mit Nimbus im Segensgestus mit Bibel in der l. Hand in der Vorderansicht. Die beiden oberen Viertel \u00fcber den Kreuzarmen des Nimbus sind mit je einem Kreis verziert.","foto_date":"2007-08-02","photographer":{"ikmk_photographer_id":"4","photographer_name":"Lutz-J\u00fcrgen L\u00fcbke (L\u00fcbke und Wiedemann)","photographer_gnd":"","photographer_viaf":""},"path_thumbnail":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/image\/18204119\/rs_opt.jpg","path_opt":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/image\/18204119\/rs_opt.jpg","path_opt_rel":"\/data\/www\/001-ikmk\/mk-edit\/images\/n4\/4216\/rs_opt.jpg","path":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/image\/18204119\/rs_org.jpg","path_org":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/image\/18204119\/rs_org.jpg","image_timestamp":1643732572,"copyright":{"short":"PDM 1.0","url":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/","de":"Bilddateien sind lizenziert als&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.de\" target=\"_blank\">Public Domain Mark 1.0<\/a>. Berlin, M\u00fcnzkabinett der Staatlichen Museen, 18204119. Aufnahme durch Lutz-J\u00fcrgen L\u00fcbke (L\u00fcbke und Wiedemann).","en":"Image files are licensed&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.en\" target=\"_blank\">Public Domain Mark 1.0<\/a>. Berlin, M\u00fcnzkabinett der Staatlichen Museen, 18204119. Photographs by Lutz-J\u00fcrgen L\u00fcbke (L\u00fcbke und Wiedemann)."}},"division":{"ikmk_division_id":"2","division_name_de":"Mittelalter","division_name_en":"Medieval Period"},"sub_division":{"ikmk_subdivision_id":"19","subdivision_name_de":"Hochmittelalter","subdivision_name_en":"High Middle Ages"},"literatur":"Ph. Grierson, Catalogue of the Byzantine coins in the Dumbarton Oaks Collection and in the Whittemore Collection III-2 (1973) 708 f. Nr. 2 (datiert 1025-1028); D. R. Sear, Byzantine coins and their values \u00b2(1987) 350 Nr. 1815; Friedl\u00e4nder - von Sallet Nr. 1057.","comment":"M\u00fcnze zur Aufh\u00e4ngung der R\u00fcckseite oben gelocht. - Constantinus war bereits zusammen mit seinem Bruder Basilius II. Bulgaroktonos (reg. 969-1025) ab 962 Mitregent. Nach dessen Tod am 15. Dezember 1025 war er bis zu seinem eigenen Ableben am 12. November 1028 Alleinherrscher.","period":{"ikmk_period_id":"14","name_de":"Hochmittelalter","name_en":"High Middle Ages","description_de":"Bezeichnung der Epoche zwischen 900 (teilweise auch 1000) und der Mitte des 13. 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Jh.","keyword_gnd_uri":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/7503822-5","keyword_concept_uri":""},{"ikmk_keyword_id":"32","keyword_de":"Kaiser (MA&NZ)","keyword_gnd_uri":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/4114123-4","keyword_concept_uri":""},{"ikmk_keyword_id":"2","keyword_de":"Mittelalter","keyword_gnd_uri":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/4129108-6","keyword_concept_uri":"http:\/\/vocab.getty.edu\/aat\/300020756"},{"ikmk_keyword_id":"20","keyword_de":"Osteuropa","keyword_gnd_uri":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/4075739-0","keyword_concept_uri":"http:\/\/vocab.getty.edu\/tgn\/4003756"},{"ikmk_keyword_id":"43","keyword_de":"Portr\u00e4ts","keyword_gnd_uri":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/4006627-7","keyword_concept_uri":"http:\/\/vocab.getty.edu\/aat\/300015637"}],"timeline_themes":[{"ikmk_timeline_id":"40","timeline_item":"Dollars des Mittelalters - Byzantinische Solidi","description":"Fundament der byzantinischen W\u00e4hrung war der goldene Solidus (griechisch Nomisma), dessen auf Kaiser Konstantin zur\u00fcckgehender Standard von 1\/72 Pfund (= 4,55 g) bis in das 11. Jh. hinein im wesentlichen gehalten wurde. Diese au\u00dferordentliche Stabilit\u00e4t hat den Byzantinischen Solidus zu einer Art Weltw\u00e4hrung der damaligen Zeit werden lassen. Erst im 11. Jh. kam es zu einer Gewichtsverminderung und der Aufspaltung in einen schwereren (Nomisma Histamenom) und einen leichteren Solidus (Nomisma Tetarteron), und 1092 ist der Stolz der byzantinischen W\u00e4hrung mit einer M\u00fcnzreform abgel\u00f6st und durch eine leichtere Goldm\u00fcnze (Hyperperon) ersetzt worden. Halbe Solidi (Semisses) und Drittelsolidi (Trienten) spielten bis ins 8. Jh. eine Rolle, danach nicht mehr. Seit dem 9. Jh. ist das Christusbild st\u00e4ndiges Motiv der byzantinischen Goldm\u00fcnzen.","year_from":"500","year_until":"1100","autor":"Kluge, Bernd"}],"secondary_treatment":[{"ikmk_secondary_treatment_id":"1","item_de":"gelocht","item_en":"pierced","description_de":"Absichtlich angebrachtes Loch (oder mehrere) zur Befestigung an einem Geh\u00e4nge oder einer Unterlage. Im Falle von Papiergeld h\u00e4ufig Lochung zum Zeichen der Entwertung.","description_en":"Intentional hole(s) pierced through a coin so that it can be worn on a neclace, sewn onto textiles, etc. In case of paper money such a perforation often indicates devaluation.","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/secondary_treatment\/1","concept":["http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/pierced"]}],"text_right":{"short":"CC BY-SA 4.0","icon":"https:\/\/licensebuttons.net\/l\/by-sa\/4.0\/80x15.png","url":{"de":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/deed.de","en":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/deed.en"},"label":{"de":"Creative Commons Namensnennung - Weitergabe unter gleichen Bedingungen 4.0 International","en":"Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International"},"string":{"de":"Texte und Beschreibungen in diesem Online-Katalog stehen unter einer\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/deed.de\" target=\"_blank\">CC BY-SA 4.0<\/a> Lizenz.","en":"Texts and descriptions of this catalogue are licensed <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/deed.en\" target=\"_blank\">CC BY-SA 4.0<\/a>."}},"lod_right":{"short":"PDM 1.0","icon":"https:\/\/licensebuttons.net\/p\/zero\/1.0\/80x15.png","url":{"de":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.de","en":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.en"},"label":{"de":"Public Domain Mark 1.0","en":"Public Domain Mark 1.0"},"string":{"de":"Verwendete LOD-Identifikatoren sind <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.de\" target=\"_blank\">Public Domain Mark 1.0<\/a>\u00a0lizenziert.","en":"LOD ids used are licensed <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.en\" target=\"_blank\">Public Domain Mark 1.0<\/a>."}},"image_restriction_id":0,"image_restriction":"free","image_right":{"short":"PDM 1.0","icon":"https:\/\/licensebuttons.net\/p\/zero\/1.0\/80x15.png","url":{"de":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.de","en":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.en"},"label":{"de":"Public Domain Mark 1.0","en":"Public Domain Mark 1.0"}}}