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Diese Art von Nachahmungen hielt in der Regel auch die G\u00fcte (Edelmetallgehalt) des Vorbildes ein, wie etwa die Florene des 14. Jhs. H\u00e4ufig haben Nachahmungen aber auch einen kriminellen Hintergrund, wenn nur noch das Bild, nicht aber die innere G\u00fcte dem Vorbild entsprach. Einen besonderen Fall stellen die sog. pseudo-imperialen Pr\u00e4gungen in den Staaten der V\u00f6lkerwanderungszeit dar. Einen anderen Fall bilden Beischl\u00e4ge in Regionen, die noch nicht an geldwirtschaftliche Verh\u00e4ltnisse gew\u00f6hnt sind, wie Skandinavien und die westslawischen Gebiete im 10. und 11. Jh.","year_from":"800","year_until":"1500","autor":"Kluge, Bernd"},{"ikmk_timeline_id":"82","timeline_item":"Herz\u00f6ge, Grafen, F\u00fcrsten","description":"Das urspr\u00fcnglich nur dem K\u00f6nig bzw. Kaiser zustehende M\u00fcnzrecht ist seit dem 10. Jh. in Deutschland und Frankreich auch auf den weltlichen Adel \u00fcbergegangen, teils durch k\u00f6nigliche Delegation, teils infolge der Schw\u00e4che des K\u00f6nigtums durch  Usurpation und Gewohnheitsrecht. W\u00e4hrend in Frankreich die M\u00fcnzpr\u00e4gung des Adels durch das K\u00f6nigtum im Laufe der Zeit zur\u00fcckgedr\u00e4ngt und am Ende des Mittelalters ganz aufh\u00f6rte, ist sie im Gebiet des Deutschen Reiches zu einem festen Bestandteil des M\u00fcnzwesens geworden und im 13. Jh. durch das K\u00f6nigtum auch formal sanktioniert worden.","year_from":"900","year_until":"1500","autor":"Kluge, Bernd"},{"ikmk_timeline_id":"116","timeline_item":"Die Niederlande im Sp\u00e4tmittelalter","description":"Das M\u00fcnzwesen der Niederlande bietet im Sp\u00e4tmittelalter auf vergleichsweise kleinem Raum eine au\u00dferordentliche Vielfalt. Wichtigste M\u00fcnzproduzenten sind die Grafschaften Flandern, Hennegau, Holland, Geldern, Luxemburg sowie die Bist\u00fcmer Utrecht und L\u00fcttich. Die niederl\u00e4ndischen Pfennige waren im Laufe der Zeit besonders klein und leicht geworden, so dass der englische Sterling, der 4 fl\u00e4mische Pfennige galt, zum Vorbild der ersten niederl\u00e4ndischen Groschen wurde. Ab 1269 sind Groschen im Wert von zwei Sterlingen (Baudekins), ab Ende des 13. Jhs. Turnosengroschen gem\u00fcnzt worden. Ab 1434 wurden in den burgundischen Niederlanden (Flandern, Brabant, Hennegau, Holland) bild- und wertgleiche M\u00fcnzen ausgegeben. Die seit den 1330er Jahren in den Niederlanden gepr\u00e4gten Goldm\u00fcnzen folgen teils dem deutschen Goldgulden, teils franz\u00f6sischen Vorbildern. Herausragend ist die Reihe der flandrischen Goldm\u00fcnzen des 14. 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