{"ikmk_mds_id":"18214356","ikmk_id":"14463","eLearning_completed":"0","primary_source_id":"0","title":"N\u00fcrnberg: Marke","inventory_number":"","activated":"yes","item":{"ikmk_item_id":"8","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/item\/8","item_de":"Marken und Zeichen","item_en":"Tokens and Labels","item_nomisma":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/token"},"permalink":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/object?id=18214356","permalink_source":null,"publisher":{"ikmk_publisher_id":13,"ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/owner\/13","publisher_name":"M\u00fcnzkabinett, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin - Stiftung Preu\u00dfischer Kulturbesitz","publisher_isil":"http:\/\/ld.zdb-services.de\/resource\/organisations\/DE-MUS-814819","publisher_isil_short":"DE-MUS-814819","UID":"http:\/\/ld.zdb-services.de\/resource\/organisations\/DE-MUS-814819\/18214356","legalBodyWeblink":"https:\/\/www.smb.museum\/museen-und-einrichtungen\/muenzkabinett\/home.html","nomisma_address":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/mk_berlin","author":"Bannicke, Elke"},"owner":{"ikmk_owner_id":"13","owner_name":"Berlin, M\u00fcnzkabinett der Staatlichen Museen","owner_isil":"http:\/\/ld.zdb-services.de\/resource\/organisations\/DE-MUS-814819","owner_isil_short":"DE-MUS-814819","owner_www_address":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/","nomisma_address":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/mk_berlin","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/owner\/13","owner_type":{"de":"Eigentum","en":"Property","ikmk_type_id":"2","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/status_of_property\/2"}},"ikmk_status_id":"7","status":{"de":"vorhanden","en":"present","ikmk_status_id":"7","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/object_status\/7"},"nominal":{"ikmk_nominal_id":"1054","nominal_de":"Rechenpfennig","nominal_en":"Rechenpfennig","nominal_nomisma_id":"","nominal_gnd_id":null,"info_de":null,"info_en":null,"ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/denomination\/1054"},"date_last":"2023-03-14 01:49:51","coin_status":[{"ikmk_coin_status_id":"48","coin_status_name_de":"Privatausgabe","coin_status_name_en":"Private issue","coin_status_nomisma_id":""}],"mint":[{"ikmk_country_id":"19","country_ndp_url":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/country\/19","country_name_de":"Deutschland","country_name_en":"Germany","country_nomisma_id":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/bundesrepublik_deutschland","country_geoname_id":"http:\/\/www.geonames.org\/2921044","ikmk_region_id":"64","region_ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/region\/64","region_name":"Franken","region_nomisma_id":"","region_geoname_id":"http:\/\/www.geonames.org\/2803465","ikmk_mint_id":"234","mint_ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/location\/234","mint_name":"N\u00fcrnberg","mint_name_de":"N\u00fcrnberg","mint_name_en":"Nuremberg","mint_nomisma_id":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/nuremberg","mint_geoname_id":"http:\/\/www.geonames.org\/3220803"}],"material":{"ikmk_material_id":"12","material_name_de":"Kupfer","material_name_en":"Copper","material_nomisma_id":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/cu","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/material\/12"},"diameter":"28 mm","die_axis":"12 h","weight":"5.09 g","accession":"Ohne Nummer","access_year":"","access_type":{"ikmk_access_type_id":"6","access_type_name":"Zugang ungekl\u00e4rt","access_type_nomisma_id":"","access_type_concept_id":"","ndp_uir":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/accession\/6"},"provenienz_extern":"","acquisition_date":"","avers":{"leg_trans":"","leg_text":"","image_description":"Rechenmeister an Rechentisch sitzend, Tisch mit angedeutetem Liniensystem und darauf befindlichen zw\u00f6lf Rechenpfennigen.","foto_date":"2008-06-23","photographer":{"ikmk_photographer_id":"5","photographer_name":"Reinhard Saczewski","photographer_gnd":"","photographer_viaf":""},"path_thumbnail":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/image\/18214356\/vs_opt.jpg","path_opt":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/image\/18214356\/vs_opt.jpg","path_opt_rel":"\/data\/www\/001-ikmk\/mk-edit\/images\/n14\/14463\/vs_opt.jpg","path":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/image\/18214356\/vs_org.jpg","path_org":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/image\/18214356\/vs_org.jpg","image_timestamp":1643735233,"copyright":{"short":"PDM 1.0","url":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/","de":"Bilddateien sind lizenziert als&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.de\" target=\"_blank\">Public Domain Mark 1.0<\/a>. Berlin, M\u00fcnzkabinett der Staatlichen Museen, 18214356. Aufnahme durch Reinhard Saczewski.","en":"Image files are licensed&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.en\" target=\"_blank\">Public Domain Mark 1.0<\/a>. Berlin, M\u00fcnzkabinett der Staatlichen Museen, 18214356. Photographs by Reinhard Saczewski."}},"revers":{"leg_trans":"","leg_text":"A B C D E \/ F G H I K \/ L M N O P \/ Q R S T V \/ W X Y Z","image_description":"Das Alphabet in f\u00fcnf Zeilen auf einer Tafel, umgeben von Verzierungen.","foto_date":"2008-06-23","photographer":{"ikmk_photographer_id":"5","photographer_name":"Reinhard Saczewski","photographer_gnd":"","photographer_viaf":""},"path_thumbnail":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/image\/18214356\/rs_opt.jpg","path_opt":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/image\/18214356\/rs_opt.jpg","path_opt_rel":"\/data\/www\/001-ikmk\/mk-edit\/images\/n14\/14463\/rs_opt.jpg","path":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/image\/18214356\/rs_org.jpg","path_org":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/image\/18214356\/rs_org.jpg","image_timestamp":1643735232,"copyright":{"short":"PDM 1.0","url":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/","de":"Bilddateien sind lizenziert als&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.de\" target=\"_blank\">Public Domain Mark 1.0<\/a>. Berlin, M\u00fcnzkabinett der Staatlichen Museen, 18214356. Aufnahme durch Reinhard Saczewski.","en":"Image files are licensed&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.en\" target=\"_blank\">Public Domain Mark 1.0<\/a>. Berlin, M\u00fcnzkabinett der Staatlichen Museen, 18214356. Photographs by Reinhard Saczewski."}},"division":{"ikmk_division_id":"3","division_name_de":"Neuzeit","division_name_en":"Modern Period"},"sub_division":{"ikmk_subdivision_id":"25","subdivision_name_de":"16. Jh.","subdivision_name_en":"16th century"},"literatur":"J. Neumann, Beschreibung der bekanntesten Kupferm\u00fcnzen. 6 Teile in 4 B\u00e4den (1858-1872 Index 1967) Nr. 32493; A. Koenig - F. Stalzer, Rechenpfennige I. N\u00fcrnberg. Signierte und zuweisbare Gepr\u00e4ge. 1. Lieferung: die Familien Schulte, Koch und Krauwinckel (1989) Nr. 353; M. Mitchiner, jetons, medalets & tokens. The medieval period and Nuremberg (1988) Nr. 1427-1428; C. F. Gebert, Die N\u00fcrnberger Rechenpfennigschl\u00e4ger, MBNG 35, 1917, 1-138; A. Nagl, Die Rechenpfennige und die operative Arithmetik, Numismatische Zeitschrift 1887, 309-368.","comment":"Rechenpfennige (Schulpfennige) dienten bis zum Mittelalter und der fr\u00fchen Neuzeit dem Rechnen auf dem Rechenbrett. Die Rechen- oder Raitpfennige (auch Jetons) wurden von Rechenpfennigmachern oder Flinderleinschl\u00e4gern hergestellt. Vielfach wurde in ihren Darstellung auf Politik und Geschichte Bezug genommen. Viele dieser Pfennige (Schulpfennige) zeigen den Rechenmeister am Tisch und auf der R\u00fcckseite das Alphabet. Die Rechenmeister waren neben dem Rechnen oft auch f\u00fcr das Schreiben zust\u00e4ndig, was die Darstellung des Alphabetes erkl\u00e4rt. Oft muss man feststellen, dass nicht immer die passenden Buchstaben zur Verf\u00fcgung standen oder ein falscher versehentlich eingepunzt wurde. Bei diesem St\u00fcck ist es nicht der Fall.\r\nDie Zuweisung an Hans Schultes gilt nicht als gesichert. Unter dem Namen Hans Schultes waren drei Rechenpfennigmeister t\u00e4tig: Hans I. Schultes von 1553-1584, sein Sohn Hans II., von 1586-1603, und der Enkel von Hans I., Hans III. Schultes, 1608-1612 erw\u00e4hnt.","period":{"ikmk_period_id":"7","name_de":"Renaissance","name_en":"Renaissance","description_de":"Die Renaissance (Wiedergeburt) bezeichnet eine europ\u00e4ische Kunstperiode zwischen Mittelalter und Neuzeit im 15. und 16. Jahrhundert. Diese setzt im fr\u00fchen 15. Jahrhundert ein und wird um 1550 vom Barock abgel\u00f6st.","description_en":"The term Renaissance (rebirth) describes a period at the turn from the Middele Ages to the Modern period during the 15th and 16th century. It begins during the early 15th century and developes into the Baroque around 1550.","concept_id":"http:\/\/vocab.getty.edu\/aat\/300021140","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/period\/7"},"year_start":"1553","year_end":"1586","date_verbal":"1553-1586","year_islam":"0","manufacturing":[{"ikmk_manufacturing_id":"21","manufacturing_name_de":"gepr\u00e4gt","manufacturing_name_en":"struck","nomisma_id":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/struck","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/manufacture\/21"}],"linked_persons_corporations":{"73":{"ikmk_type_id":"73","type_name_de":"Rechenpfg.-macher","type_name_en":"Rechenpfg.-macher","type_nomisma_id":"","type_concept_id":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/7725221-4","ndp_id":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/type_for_person_and_corporation\/73","items":{"3468":{"ikmk_person_id":"3468","title_de":null,"first_name_de":"Hans","last_name_de":"Schultes","vitalDates":null,"title_en":null,"first_name_en":"Hans","last_name_en":"Schultes","corporation":"0","lod":{"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/person\/3468":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/person\/3468"}}}}},"keywords":[{"ikmk_keyword_id":"90","keyword_de":"16. 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