{"ikmk_mds_id":"18217046","ikmk_id":"17048","eLearning_completed":"0","primary_source_id":"0","title":"R\u00f6m. Republik: C. 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Ein unleserlicher quadratischer Gegenstempel r.","foto_date":"2009-07-07","photographer":{"ikmk_photographer_id":"3","photographer_name":"Dirk Sonnenwald","photographer_gnd":"","photographer_viaf":""},"path_thumbnail":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/image\/18217046\/rs_opt.jpg","path_opt":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/image\/18217046\/rs_opt.jpg","path_opt_rel":"\/data\/www\/001-ikmk\/mk-edit\/images\/n17\/17048\/rs_opt.jpg","path":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/image\/18217046\/rs_org.jpg","path_org":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/image\/18217046\/rs_org.jpg","image_timestamp":1643744577,"copyright":{"short":"PDM 1.0","url":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/","de":"Bilddateien sind lizenziert als&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.de\" target=\"_blank\">Public Domain Mark 1.0<\/a>. Berlin, M\u00fcnzkabinett der Staatlichen Museen, 18217046. 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Der Zeitpunkt seiner erstmaligen Auspr\u00e4gung ist in der numismatischen Forschung viel diskutiert und auch heute noch immer nicht g\u00e4nzlich gesichert. Besonders die Ausgrabungen im antiken Morgantina auf Sizilien engen die Einf\u00fchrung des Denars in die Jahre zwischen 215 und 211 v. Chr. inmitten des Krieges gegen Hannibal ein. Die M\u00fcnzbilder der r\u00f6mischen Republik sind wichtige ikonographische Zeugnisse der f\u00fchrenden Familien Roms in jener Zeit. Beschr\u00e4nkt sich zu Beginn des 2. Jahrhunderts v. Chr. das Bildspektrum auf wenige Typen, so gewinnt es im Laufe des 1. Jahrhunderts v. Chr. immer mehr an Bedeutung als Medium des sp\u00e4trepublikanischen Legitimationsdiskurses. In den Auseinandersetzungen zwischen den Caesaranh\u00e4ngern und -gegnern und schlie\u00dflich zwischen M. Antonius und Octavianus erwiesen sich die M\u00fcnzen als wirkungsvolles Propagandamittel.","year_from":"-212","year_until":"-27","autor":"Weisser, Bernhard"}],"secondary_treatment":[{"ikmk_secondary_treatment_id":"4","item_de":"mit Gegenstempel","item_en":"countermarked","description_de":"Mit einem oder mehreren Gegenstempeln versehen. Diese sind u. a. zum Zweck der Auf- oder Abwertung und zur Anerkennung des Wertes angebracht, k\u00f6nnen auf den Ausgeber hinweisen oder in historischen Sammlungen den Besitzer eines Objektes.","description_en":"The impression left by a countermark punch. A tool that is used to punch into a coin subsequent to the original striking an additional mark or symbol that had meaning in the contemporary context of the coin - for example to mark a specific payment or to revalue a coin). Objects from early modern collections sometimes bear countermarks as a sign of ownership.","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/secondary_treatment\/4","concept":["http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/countermark"]},{"ikmk_secondary_treatment_id":"32","item_de":"mit Punze","item_en":"punched","description_de":"Einhieb mit einer Punze, zeitgen\u00f6ssisch oder sp\u00e4ter angebracht. Im Gegensatz zum st\u00e4rker elaborierten Gegenstempel wird eine Punze als einfachere, dem M\u00fcnzk\u00f6rper beigebrachte (negative) Vertiefung mit Buchstaben oder Ziffer, meist ohne eigene Randgestaltung definiert. Nicht zu verwechseln mit den positiven Buchstaben- oder Bildpunzen, welche bei der Stempelherstellung Anwendung finden.","description_en":"Intentionally marked with a punch, both contemporary to the object and later. In contrast to a countermark of a much more simple design. Not to be confused with punches creating a positive image, which were used during the manufacture of a die.","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/secondary_treatment\/32","concept":["http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/punched"]}],"text_right":{"short":"CC BY-SA 4.0","icon":"https:\/\/licensebuttons.net\/l\/by-sa\/4.0\/80x15.png","url":{"de":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/deed.de","en":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/deed.en"},"label":{"de":"Creative Commons Namensnennung - Weitergabe unter gleichen Bedingungen 4.0 International","en":"Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International"},"string":{"de":"Texte und Beschreibungen in diesem Online-Katalog stehen unter einer\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/deed.de\" target=\"_blank\">CC BY-SA 4.0<\/a> Lizenz.","en":"Texts and descriptions of this catalogue are licensed <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/deed.en\" target=\"_blank\">CC BY-SA 4.0<\/a>."}},"lod_right":{"short":"PDM 1.0","icon":"https:\/\/licensebuttons.net\/p\/zero\/1.0\/80x15.png","url":{"de":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.de","en":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.en"},"label":{"de":"Public Domain Mark 1.0","en":"Public Domain Mark 1.0"},"string":{"de":"Verwendete LOD-Identifikatoren sind <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.de\" target=\"_blank\">Public Domain Mark 1.0<\/a>\u00a0lizenziert.","en":"LOD ids used are licensed <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.en\" target=\"_blank\">Public Domain Mark 1.0<\/a>."}},"image_restriction_id":0,"image_restriction":"free","image_right":{"short":"PDM 1.0","icon":"https:\/\/licensebuttons.net\/p\/zero\/1.0\/80x15.png","url":{"de":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.de","en":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.en"},"label":{"de":"Public Domain Mark 1.0","en":"Public Domain Mark 1.0"}}}