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Jh.","keyword_gnd_uri":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/7503823-7","keyword_concept_uri":"http:\/\/vocab.getty.edu\/aat\/300111307"}],"timeline_themes":[{"ikmk_timeline_id":"81","timeline_item":"Erzbisch\u00f6fe, Bisch\u00f6fe, \u00c4bte","description":"Um die wirtschaftlichen und politischen Potenzen der Kirche f\u00fcr das Reich und das eigene Seelenheil zu nutzen, ist die Kirche durch die K\u00f6nige im 10. und 11. Jh. im Deutschen Reich  mit Schenkungen bedacht worden. Zu diesen Schenkungen geh\u00f6rte auch die Verleihung des M\u00fcnzrechts. Auf diese Weise sind nahezu alle Erzbist\u00fcmer, Bist\u00fcmer und Reichsabteien in den Besitz des M\u00fcnzrechts gelangt, das die meisten auch ausge\u00fcbt haben. Die bis in die Neuzeit reichenden geistlichen M\u00fcnzpr\u00e4gungen in Deutschland haben ihre Wurzeln im 10. Jh.","year_from":"950","year_until":"1500","autor":"Kluge, Bernd"},{"ikmk_timeline_id":"89","timeline_item":"Pfennig, Sterling, Groschen","description":"Vom 8. bis zum 12. Jh. gab es in Europa nur einen einzigen M\u00fcnzwert, den Pfennig (lat. Denar), der sich von etwa 1,7 g Gewicht im 8. Jh. auf teilweise weniger als 0,5 g im 12. Jh. verringert hatte. Mit dem 1180 in England eingef\u00fchrten Sterling existierte eine schwere Pfennigm\u00fcnze, die andernorts in Europa vier und mehr Pfennige wert war. Die dadurch eingeleitete Differenzierung des Pfenniggeldes f\u00fchrte um 1200 in Italien, wo die Pfennige besonders geringwertig waren, zur Ausgabe von h\u00f6herwertigen Silberm\u00fcnzen, f\u00fcr die sich wegen ihrer Gr\u00f6\u00dfe und Dicke allgemein und unah\u00e4ngig vom konkreten Wert die Bezeichnung grossus (Groschen) einb\u00fcrgerte. Groschengeld unterschiedlichster Art und Benennung ist im Sp\u00e4tmittelalter fast \u00fcberall in Europa gem\u00fcnzt worden, wobei eine Groschenm\u00fcnze in der Regel mindestens vier, selten mehr als 12 Pfennige galt.","year_from":"1200","year_until":"1500","autor":"Kluge, Bernd"},{"ikmk_timeline_id":"131","timeline_item":"Deutschland im Sp\u00e4tmittelalter. Silberm\u00fcnzen","description":"Die Entwicklung im Bereich der Silberm\u00fcnzen ist in Deutschland regional sehr unterschiedlich verlaufen. Bis um 1300 herrschte noch Pfennigw\u00e4hrung, bevor von Westen her h\u00f6herwertige Silberm\u00fcnzen (Groschen) Fu\u00df fassten. Eine Groschenm\u00fcnze verk\u00f6rperte - je nach Region und Wertstufe - den Wert von vier bis zw\u00f6lf Pfennigen. Anf\u00e4nglich lehnte man sich an das Vorbild des franz\u00f6sischen Gros tournois an, bevor in den Rheinlanden mit dem Albus (Wei\u00dfpfennig) ein eigener Groschenstandard geschaffen wurde.\r\nMittel- und Ostdeutschland standen unter dem Einfluss des Prager Groschens und des daran angelehnten seit ca. 1338 in Freiberg (Erzgebirge) gem\u00fcnzten Mei\u00dfner Groschens. Der Norden entwickelte mit Witten und Schillingen ein anderes System kleinerer Groschenm\u00fcnzen.\r\nS\u00fcdlich des Mains (Bayern, Schwaben) spielten neben den Importen b\u00f6hmischer Groschen das Pfennig- und Hellergeld sowie der fr\u00e4nkische Schilling die Hauptrolle. In S\u00fcdwestdeutschland (Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg), im Elsass und der Schweiz sind gegen Ende des 15. Jh. mit den Dicken gr\u00f6\u00dfere Silberm\u00fcnzen entstanden, die mit ihren sorgf\u00e4ltig geschnittenen Stempeln wieder f\u00fcr einen k\u00fcnstlerischen Anspruch in der M\u00fcnzherstellung sorgten.\r\nDie Rolle der St\u00e4dte als neuer politischer Macht zeigt sich in autonomen M\u00fcnzpr\u00e4gungen und in M\u00fcnzb\u00fcnden wie dem Wendischen M\u00fcnzverein der f\u00fchrenden Hansest\u00e4dte.","year_from":"1251","year_until":"1500","autor":"Kluge, Bernd"}],"text_right":{"short":"CC BY-SA 4.0","icon":"https:\/\/licensebuttons.net\/l\/by-sa\/4.0\/80x15.png","url":{"de":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/deed.de","en":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/deed.en"},"label":{"de":"Creative Commons Namensnennung - Weitergabe unter gleichen Bedingungen 4.0 International","en":"Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International"},"string":{"de":"Texte und Beschreibungen in diesem Online-Katalog stehen unter einer\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/deed.de\" target=\"_blank\">CC BY-SA 4.0<\/a> Lizenz.","en":"Texts and descriptions of this catalogue are licensed <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/deed.en\" target=\"_blank\">CC BY-SA 4.0<\/a>."}},"lod_right":{"short":"PDM 1.0","icon":"https:\/\/licensebuttons.net\/p\/zero\/1.0\/80x15.png","url":{"de":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.de","en":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.en"},"label":{"de":"Public Domain Mark 1.0","en":"Public Domain Mark 1.0"},"string":{"de":"Verwendete LOD-Identifikatoren sind <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.de\" target=\"_blank\">Public Domain Mark 1.0<\/a>\u00a0lizenziert.","en":"LOD ids used are licensed <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.en\" target=\"_blank\">Public Domain Mark 1.0<\/a>."}},"image_restriction_id":0,"image_restriction":"free","image_right":{"short":"PDM 1.0","icon":"https:\/\/licensebuttons.net\/p\/zero\/1.0\/80x15.png","url":{"de":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.de","en":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.en"},"label":{"de":"Public Domain Mark 1.0","en":"Public Domain Mark 1.0"}}}