{"ikmk_mds_id":"18277290","ikmk_id":"81440","eLearning_completed":"0","primary_source_id":"0","title":"Umayyaden: Zeit des \u02bfUmar II.","inventory_number":"","activated":"yes","item":{"ikmk_item_id":"1","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/item\/1","item_de":"M\u00fcnze","item_en":"Coin","item_nomisma":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/coin"},"permalink":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/object?id=18277290","permalink_source":"","publisher":{"ikmk_publisher_id":13,"ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/owner\/13","publisher_name":"M\u00fcnzkabinett, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin - Stiftung Preu\u00dfischer Kulturbesitz","publisher_isil":"http:\/\/ld.zdb-services.de\/resource\/organisations\/DE-MUS-814819","publisher_isil_short":"DE-MUS-814819","UID":"http:\/\/ld.zdb-services.de\/resource\/organisations\/DE-MUS-814819\/18277290","legalBodyWeblink":"https:\/\/www.smb.museum\/museen-und-einrichtungen\/muenzkabinett\/home.html","nomisma_address":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/mk_berlin","author":"Naue, Matthias"},"owner":{"ikmk_owner_id":"13","owner_name":"Berlin, M\u00fcnzkabinett der Staatlichen Museen","owner_isil":"http:\/\/ld.zdb-services.de\/resource\/organisations\/DE-MUS-814819","owner_isil_short":"DE-MUS-814819","owner_www_address":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/","nomisma_address":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/mk_berlin","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/owner\/13","owner_type":{"de":"Eigentum","en":"Property","ikmk_type_id":"2","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/status_of_property\/2"}},"ikmk_status_id":"7","status":{"de":"vorhanden","en":"present","ikmk_status_id":"7","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/object_status\/7"},"nominal":{"ikmk_nominal_id":"761","nominal_de":"Dirhem","nominal_en":"Dirham","nominal_nomisma_id":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/dirham","nominal_gnd_id":"","info_de":"","info_en":"","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/denomination\/761"},"sponsor":{"de":"Die Digitalisierung wurde durch die Deutsche Digitale Bibliothek im Rahmen des von der Beauftragten der Bundesregierung f\u00fcr Kultur und Medien (BKM) gef\u00f6rderten Programms NEUSTART KULTUR erm\u00f6glicht.\r\nGef\u00f6rdert von der Beauftragten der Bundesregierung f\u00fcr Kultur und Medien aufgrund eines Beschlusses des Deutschen Bundestages.","en":"Digitalization was made possible with funds provided by the Beauftragte der Bundesregierung f\u00fcr Kultur und Medien (BKM) under the NEUSTART KULTUR scheme."},"date_last":"2023-03-14 01:49:51","coin_status":[{"ikmk_coin_status_id":"35","coin_status_name_de":"Kalifat","coin_status_name_en":"Caliphate","coin_status_nomisma_id":""}],"mint":[{"ikmk_country_id":"33","country_ndp_url":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/country\/33","country_name_de":"Irak","country_name_en":"Iraq","country_nomisma_id":"","country_geoname_id":"http:\/\/www.geonames.org\/99237","ikmk_mint_id":"569","mint_ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/location\/569","mint_name":"al-Ba\u1e63ra","mint_name_de":"al-Ba\u1e63ra","mint_name_en":null,"mint_nomisma_id":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/al-basrah","mint_geoname_id":"http:\/\/www.geonames.org\/99532"}],"material":{"ikmk_material_id":"1","material_name_de":"Silber","material_name_en":"Silver","material_nomisma_id":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/ar","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/material\/1"},"diameter":"27 mm","die_axis":"11 h","weight":"2.77 g","accession":"2021\/1","access_year":"1990","access_type":{"ikmk_access_type_id":"4","access_type_name":"\u00dcberweisung","access_type_nomisma_id":"","access_type_concept_id":"http:\/\/vocab.getty.edu\/aat\/300417644","ndp_uir":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/accession\/4"},"findspot":{"ikmk_country_id":"19","country_ndp_id":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/country\/19","country_name_de":"Deutschland","country_name_en":"Germany","country_nomisma_id":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/bundesrepublik_deutschland","country_geoname_id":"http:\/\/www.geonames.org\/2921044","ikmk_findspot_id":"3171","findspot_ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/location\/3171","findspot_name":"Ralswiek","findspot_nomisma_id":"","findspot_geonames_id":"http:\/\/www.geonames.org\/2850735"},"provenienz_extern":"","acquisition_date":"28.12.1990","avers":{"leg_trans":"Im Namen Gottes, dieser Dirham wurde geschlagen in al-Ba\u1e63ra (im) Jahr hundert Es gibt keinen Gott au\u00dfer Gott, er ist einzig, er hat keinen Begleiter","leg_text":"Bismill\u0101h \u1e0duriba h\u0101\u1e0f\u0101 ad-dirham bi-l-Ba\u1e63ra sanat mi\u02bea -\/ L\u0101 il\u0101h ill\u0101 \/ All\u0101h wa\u1e25dahu \/ l\u0101 \u0161ar\u012bk lahu","image_description":"Umlaufend Nennung von Nominal, M\u00fcnzst\u00e4tte und Pr\u00e4gejahr. Im Feld das Glaubensbekenntnis. Als Randzier f\u00fcnf Kringel auf drei gezackten Kreisen. Pr\u00e4gejahr 100 AH.","foto_date":"2021-01-12","photographer":{"ikmk_photographer_id":"16","photographer_name":"Karsten Dahmen","photographer_gnd":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/1018908900","photographer_viaf":"https:\/\/viaf.org\/viaf\/5240736"},"path_thumbnail":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/image\/18277290\/vs_opt.jpg","path_opt":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/image\/18277290\/vs_opt.jpg","path_opt_rel":"\/data\/www\/001-ikmk\/mk-edit\/images\/n81\/81440\/vs_opt.jpg","path":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/image\/18277290\/vs_org.jpg","path_org":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/image\/18277290\/vs_org.jpg","image_timestamp":1643737913,"copyright":{"short":"PDM 1.0","url":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/","de":"Bilddateien sind lizenziert als&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.de\" target=\"_blank\">Public Domain Mark 1.0<\/a>. Berlin, M\u00fcnzkabinett der Staatlichen Museen, 18277290. Aufnahme durch Karsten Dahmen.","en":"Image files are licensed&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.en\" target=\"_blank\">Public Domain Mark 1.0<\/a>. Berlin, M\u00fcnzkabinett der Staatlichen Museen, 18277290. Photographs by Karsten Dahmen."}},"revers":{"leg_trans":"Mu\u1e25ammad ist der Gesandte Gottes, er sandte ihn mit der Rechtleitung und der wahren Religion, damit er sie obsiegen l\u00e4sst \u00fcber alle Religion auch wenn es den Heiden (Polytheisten) zuwider ist, Er ist Gott, der Eine, Gott, der Best\u00e4ndige, er zeugte nicht und er wurde nicht gezeugt und keiner ist ihm ebenb\u00fcrtig","leg_text":"Mu\u1e25ammad ras\u016bl All\u0101h arsalah\u016b bi-l-\u1e25ud\u0101 wa d\u012bn al-\u1e25aqq li-yuzhirah\u016b \u02bfal\u0101 ad-d\u012bn kullih\u012b wa-lau kariha al-mu\u0161rik\u016bn -\/ All\u0101h a\u1e25ad All\u0101h \/ a\u1e63-\u1e63amad lam yalid \/ wa-lam y\u016blad wa-yakun \/ la-hu kuf\u016b a\u1e25ad","image_description":"Umlaufend Koranzitat 9:33. Feld mit Koranzitat 112:1-4. Als Randzier f\u00fcnf Ringelchen auf Perlkreis. Feld von gezacktem Kreis eingefasst.","foto_date":"2021-01-12","photographer":{"ikmk_photographer_id":"16","photographer_name":"Karsten Dahmen","photographer_gnd":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/1018908900","photographer_viaf":"https:\/\/viaf.org\/viaf\/5240736"},"path_thumbnail":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/image\/18277290\/rs_opt.jpg","path_opt":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/image\/18277290\/rs_opt.jpg","path_opt_rel":"\/data\/www\/001-ikmk\/mk-edit\/images\/n81\/81440\/rs_opt.jpg","path":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/image\/18277290\/rs_org.jpg","path_org":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/image\/18277290\/rs_org.jpg","image_timestamp":1643737913,"copyright":{"short":"PDM 1.0","url":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/","de":"Bilddateien sind lizenziert als&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.de\" target=\"_blank\">Public Domain Mark 1.0<\/a>. Berlin, M\u00fcnzkabinett der Staatlichen Museen, 18277290. Aufnahme durch Karsten Dahmen.","en":"Image files are licensed&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.en\" target=\"_blank\">Public Domain Mark 1.0<\/a>. Berlin, M\u00fcnzkabinett der Staatlichen Museen, 18277290. Photographs by Karsten Dahmen."}},"division":{"ikmk_division_id":"2","division_name_de":"Mittelalter","division_name_en":"Medieval Period"},"sub_division":{"ikmk_subdivision_id":"17","subdivision_name_de":"Fr\u00fchmittelalter","subdivision_name_en":"Early Middle Ages"},"literatur":"J. Herrmann, Ralswiek auf R\u00fcgen Teil IV, Beitr\u00e4ge zur Ur- und Fr\u00fchgeschichte Mecklenburg-Vorpommerns 45 (2006) Nr. 237 Taf. 4 (dieses St\u00fcck); M. Klat, Post-Reform Dirhams (2002) Nr. 172; SICA II Nr. 485-490.","comment":"M\u00fcnze, die zu mehr als der H\u00e4lfte eingerissen ist. Wom\u00f6glich war sie auch gefaltet und der Riss entstand beim Aufbiegen. Vorder- und R\u00fcckseite zeigen jeweils einen Zentrierpunkt. Auf der R\u00fcckseite sind zwei Einhiebe erkennbar.","period":{"ikmk_period_id":"11","name_de":"Fr\u00fchmittelalter","name_en":"Early Middle ages","description_de":"Bezeichnung f\u00fcr die Epoche von ungef\u00e4hr 500 bis ca. 900 (teilweise auch um 1000).","description_en":"Term to describe the period between c. 500 and c. 900 (in some regions to c. 1000).","concept_id":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/7503821-3","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/period\/11"},"year_start":"718","year_end":"719","date_verbal":"718\/719","year_islam":"100","references":[{"ikmk_referenz_id":428,"souce":"Herrmann, Fund Ralswiek","number":"0237","similar":"0"}],"manufacturing":[{"ikmk_manufacturing_id":"21","manufacturing_name_de":"gepr\u00e4gt","manufacturing_name_en":"struck","nomisma_id":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/struck","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/manufacture\/21"}],"production_peculiarities":[{"ikmk_production_peculiarity_id":"2","item_de":"Zentrierpunkt","item_en":"central point","description_de":"Ein oder mehrere Zentrierpunkte wurden vor dem Pr\u00e4gevorgang in den Schr\u00f6tling eingebracht.","description_en":"One or more central point(s) marked into a flan before striking.","lod":["http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/central_point","https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/peculiarity_of_production\/2"]},{"ikmk_production_peculiarity_id":"3","item_de":"Schr\u00f6tlingsriss","item_en":"cracked flan","description_de":"Ein oder mehrere Risse bzw. Br\u00fcche im Schr\u00f6tling, die aufgrund des Pr\u00e4gevorganges entstanden sind.","description_en":"Flan that has cracked and been partially split as a result of the striking process.","lod":["http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/cracked_flan","https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/peculiarity_of_production\/3"]}],"linked_persons_corporations":{"50":{"ikmk_type_id":"50","type_name_de":"Vorbesitzer","type_name_en":"previous Owner","type_nomisma_id":"","type_concept_id":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/4447273-0","ndp_id":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/type_for_person_and_corporation\/50","items":{"11725":{"ikmk_person_id":"11725","title_de":null,"first_name_de":null,"last_name_de":"Akademie der Wissenschaften der DDR","vitalDates":null,"title_en":null,"first_name_en":null,"last_name_en":"Akademie der Wissenschaften der DDR","corporation":"1","lod":{"https:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/40680-6":"https:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/40680-6","https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Akademie_der_Wissenschaften_der_DDR":"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Akademie_der_Wissenschaften_der_DDR","https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/German_Academy_of_Sciences_at_Berlin":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/German_Academy_of_Sciences_at_Berlin","https:\/\/viaf.org\/viaf\/150281852":"https:\/\/viaf.org\/viaf\/150281852","https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q49738":"https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q49738","https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/corporation\/11725":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/corporation\/11725"},"year_from":"1973","year_until":"1990"}}},"139":{"ikmk_type_id":"139","type_name_de":"Oberherr (ISL)","type_name_en":"Overlord (ISL)","type_nomisma_id":"","type_concept_id":"","ndp_id":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/type_for_person_and_corporation\/139","items":{"1235":{"ikmk_person_id":"1235","title_de":null,"first_name_de":null,"last_name_de":"Ab\u016b \u1e24afs \u02bfUmar (II.) ibn \u02bfAbd al-\u02bfAz\u012bz (99-101 AH\/717-720), Kalif","vitalDates":"um 682-720","title_en":null,"first_name_en":null,"last_name_en":"Ab\u016b \u1e24afs \u02bfUmar (II) ibn \u02bfAbd al-\u02bfAz\u012bz (99-101 AH\/717-720), caliph","corporation":"0","lod":{"https:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/118589938":"https:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/118589938","https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Umar_II":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Umar_II","https:\/\/viaf.org\/viaf\/47554647":"https:\/\/viaf.org\/viaf\/47554647","https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q298403":"https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q298403","https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/person\/1235":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/person\/1235"}}}}},"keywords":[{"ikmk_keyword_id":"8","keyword_de":"Fr\u00fchmittelalter, 5.-9. Jh.","keyword_gnd_uri":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/7503821-3","keyword_concept_uri":"http:\/\/vocab.getty.edu\/aat\/300020760"},{"ikmk_keyword_id":"60","keyword_de":"Gegenstempel, Erasionen u.a.","keyword_gnd_uri":"","keyword_concept_uri":""},{"ikmk_keyword_id":"2","keyword_de":"Mittelalter","keyword_gnd_uri":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/4129108-6","keyword_concept_uri":"http:\/\/vocab.getty.edu\/aat\/300020756"},{"ikmk_keyword_id":"69","keyword_de":"Silber","keyword_gnd_uri":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/4133759-1","keyword_concept_uri":"http:\/\/www.nomisma.org\/id\/ar"},{"ikmk_keyword_id":"26","keyword_de":"Vorderer Orient","keyword_gnd_uri":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/4068878-1","keyword_concept_uri":"http:\/\/vocab.getty.edu\/aat\/300019571"},{"ikmk_keyword_id":"34","keyword_de":"Weltliche F\u00fcrsten","keyword_gnd_uri":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/4166473-5","keyword_concept_uri":""}],"timeline_themes":[{"ikmk_timeline_id":"26","timeline_item":"Die neue Weltmacht - Das arabische Kalifat","description":"Die Araber hatten zur Zeit Mohammeds noch keine eigene M\u00fcnzpr\u00e4gung. Im Zuge ihrer raschen Eroberung der von Byzanz bzw. den Sasaniden beherrschten Gebiete, wurden sie vor das Problem gestellt, die M\u00fcnzproduktion in einem an Geldwirtschaft gew\u00f6hnten Gebiet zu organisieren. Die ersten neu ausgegebenen M\u00fcnzen entsprachen in Material und Bild den byzantinischen und sasanidischen M\u00fcnzen und wurden nur etwas \u201earabisiert\u201c. Auf den sasanidischen Drachmen geschah dies durch Einschreiben zus\u00e4tzlicher arabischer Inschriften, im Bereich des byzantinischen Geldes wurden teils die byzantinischen Typen nachgeahmt, teils etwas freier interpretiert bis hin zur Darstellung des Kalifen. Zwischen 693 und 698 wurde unter dem Kalifen Abd-al Malik das M\u00fcnzwesen v\u00f6llig neu organisiert. An die Stelle des Solidus trat der Dinar, an die Stelle der sasanidischen Drachme trat der Dirham und in geringem Umfang Kupferm\u00fcnzen als lokale Zahlungsmittel. Alle M\u00fcnzen, bis auf geringe Ausnahmen im Kupfergeld, sind von erstaunlicher Uniformit\u00e4t, bildlos und rein epigraphisch. Die Inschriften enthalten in genau festgelegter Abfolge und Anordnung Koranspr\u00fcche sowie Angaben zur Herkunft der M\u00fcnze, darunter den Ort der Pr\u00e4gung sowie eine pr\u00e4zise Datierung nach der islamischen Zeitrechnung (A. H., Higra).","year_from":"600","year_until":"900","autor":"Kluge, Bernd"}],"secondary_treatment":[{"ikmk_secondary_treatment_id":"12","item_de":"Einhieb","item_en":"Chop mark","description_de":"Einhieb mit einem Objekt undefinierter Form, meist in Form einer groben Scharte, u. a. zu Pr\u00fcfzwecken an M\u00fcnzen angebracht. Auch nachtr\u00e4gliche Verletzungen, z. B. durch Pickelhieb beim Bergen\/Auffinden des Objekts.","description_en":"A mark of undefined form made normally with a chisel-like tool, for example to test the purity of the core of a coin. It can also be the result of damage caused when the object was found.","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/secondary_treatment\/12","concept":["http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/chop_mark"]},{"ikmk_secondary_treatment_id":"17","item_de":"verbogen","item_en":"bent","description_de":"Die M\u00fcnze, Medaille oder Marke ist verbogen.","description_en":"A coin, medal or token that has been bent.","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/secondary_treatment\/17","concept":["http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/bent","http:\/\/vocab.getty.edu\/aat\/300053101"]}],"text_right":{"short":"CC BY-SA 4.0","icon":"https:\/\/licensebuttons.net\/l\/by-sa\/4.0\/80x15.png","url":{"de":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/deed.de","en":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/deed.en"},"label":{"de":"Creative Commons Namensnennung - Weitergabe unter gleichen Bedingungen 4.0 International","en":"Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International"},"string":{"de":"Texte und Beschreibungen in diesem Online-Katalog stehen unter einer\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/deed.de\" target=\"_blank\">CC BY-SA 4.0<\/a> Lizenz.","en":"Texts and descriptions of this catalogue are licensed <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/deed.en\" target=\"_blank\">CC BY-SA 4.0<\/a>."}},"lod_right":{"short":"PDM 1.0","icon":"https:\/\/licensebuttons.net\/p\/zero\/1.0\/80x15.png","url":{"de":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.de","en":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.en"},"label":{"de":"Public Domain Mark 1.0","en":"Public Domain Mark 1.0"},"string":{"de":"Verwendete LOD-Identifikatoren sind <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.de\" target=\"_blank\">Public Domain Mark 1.0<\/a>\u00a0lizenziert.","en":"LOD ids used are licensed <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.en\" target=\"_blank\">Public Domain Mark 1.0<\/a>."}},"image_restriction_id":0,"image_restriction":"free","image_right":{"short":"PDM 1.0","icon":"https:\/\/licensebuttons.net\/p\/zero\/1.0\/80x15.png","url":{"de":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.de","en":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.en"},"label":{"de":"Public Domain Mark 1.0","en":"Public Domain Mark 1.0"}}}