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Jh. durch das K\u00f6nigtum auch formal sanktioniert worden.","year_from":"900","year_until":"1500","autor":"Kluge, Bernd"},{"ikmk_timeline_id":"89","timeline_item":"Pfennig, Sterling, Groschen","description":"Vom 8. bis zum 12. Jh. gab es in Europa nur einen einzigen M\u00fcnzwert, den Pfennig (lat. Denar), der sich von etwa 1,7 g Gewicht im 8. Jh. auf teilweise weniger als 0,5 g im 12. Jh. verringert hatte. Mit dem 1180 in England eingef\u00fchrten Sterling existierte eine schwere Pfennigm\u00fcnze, die andernorts in Europa vier und mehr Pfennige wert war. Die dadurch eingeleitete Differenzierung des Pfenniggeldes f\u00fchrte um 1200 in Italien, wo die Pfennige besonders geringwertig waren, zur Ausgabe von h\u00f6herwertigen Silberm\u00fcnzen, f\u00fcr die sich wegen ihrer Gr\u00f6\u00dfe und Dicke allgemein und unah\u00e4ngig vom konkreten Wert die Bezeichnung grossus (Groschen) einb\u00fcrgerte. 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