{"ikmk_mds_id":"18200450","ikmk_id":"463","eLearning_completed":"0","primary_source_id":"0","title":"Constantinus I.","inventory_number":"","activated":"yes","item":{"ikmk_item_id":"1","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/sachbegriff\/1","item_de":"M\u00fcnze","item_en":"Coin","item_nomisma":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/coin"},"permalink":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/object?id=18200450","permalink_source":null,"publisher":{"ikmk_publisher_id":13,"ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/besitzer\/13","publisher_name":"M\u00fcnzkabinett, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin - Stiftung Preu\u00dfischer Kulturbesitz","publisher_isil":"http:\/\/ld.zdb-services.de\/resource\/organisations\/DE-MUS-814819","publisher_isil_short":"DE-MUS-814819","UID":"http:\/\/ld.zdb-services.de\/resource\/organisations\/DE-MUS-814819\/18200450","legalBodyWeblink":"https:\/\/www.smb.museum\/museen-und-einrichtungen\/muenzkabinett\/home.html","author":"Dahmen, Karsten; Weisser, Bernhard"},"owner":{"ikmk_owner_id":"13","owner_name":"Berlin, M\u00fcnzkabinett der Staatlichen Museen","owner_isil":"http:\/\/ld.zdb-services.de\/resource\/organisations\/DE-MUS-814819","owner_isil_short":"DE-MUS-814819","owner_www_address":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/","nomisma_address":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/mk_berlin","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/besitzer\/13","owner_type":{"de":"Eigentum","en":"Property","ikmk_type_id":"2","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/possession_kind\/2"}},"ikmk_status_id":"7","status":{"de":"vorhanden","en":"present","ikmk_status_id":"7","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/object_status\/7"},"nominal":{"ikmk_nominal_id":"327","nominal_de":"2 Solidi","nominal_en":"2 Solidi","nominal_nomisma_id":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/2-solidus","nominal_gnd_id":null,"info_de":null,"info_en":null,"ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/nominal\/327"},"patronage":"Anonymus","date_last":"2023-03-14 01:49:51","coin_status":[{"ikmk_coin_status_id":"29","coin_status_name_de":"Antike Herrscherpr\u00e4gung","coin_status_name_en":"Ancient Ruler's issue","coin_status_nomisma_id":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/ruler","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/muenzstand\/29"}],"mint":[{"ikmk_country_id":"19","country_ndp_url":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/land\/19","country_name_de":"Deutschland","country_name_en":"Germany","country_nomisma_id":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/bundesrepublik_deutschland","country_geoname_id":"http:\/\/www.geonames.org\/2921044","ikmk_region_id":"67","region_ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/region\/67","region_name":"Gallia","region_nomisma_id":"","region_geoname_id":"","ikmk_mint_id":"270","mint_ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/ort\/270","mint_name":"Trier","mint_name_de":"Trier","mint_name_en":null,"mint_nomisma_id":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/treveri","mint_geoname_id":"http:\/\/www.geonames.org\/3247911"}],"material":{"ikmk_material_id":"3","material_name_de":"Gold","material_name_en":"Gold","material_nomisma_id":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/av","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/material\/3"},"diameter":"26 mm","die_axis":"12 h","weight":"8.93 g","accession":"1909\/214","access_year":"1909","access_type":{"ikmk_access_type_id":"1","access_type_name":"Kauf","access_type_nomisma_id":"","access_type_concept_id":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/4128692-3","ndp_uir":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/zugangsart\/1"},"findspot":{"ikmk_country_id":"25","country_ndp_id":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/land\/25","country_name_de":"Italien","country_name_en":"Italy","country_nomisma_id":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/italian_republic","country_geoname_id":"http:\/\/www.geonames.org\/3175395","ikmk_findspot_id":"681","findspot_ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/ort\/681","findspot_name":"Rom?","findspot_nomisma_id":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/rome","findspot_geonames_id":"http:\/\/www.geonames.org\/3169070"},"provenienz_extern":"","acquisition_date":"","avers":{"leg_trans":"","leg_text":"IMP CONSTANTINVS P F AVG","image_description":"Drapierte Panzerb\u00fcste des Constantinus I. mit Strahlenkrone in der Brustansicht nach r.","foto_date":"2005-06-11","photographer":{"ikmk_photographer_id":"4","photographer_name":"Lutz-J\u00fcrgen L\u00fcbke (L\u00fcbke und Wiedemann)","photographer_gnd":"","photographer_viaf":""},"path_thumbnail":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/image\/18200450\/vs_opt.jpg","path_opt":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/image\/18200450\/vs_opt.jpg","path_opt_rel":"images\/n0\/463\/vs_opt.jpg","path":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/image\/18200450\/vs_org.jpg","path_org":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/image\/18200450\/vs_org.jpg","image_timestamp":1643733410,"copyright":{"short":"PDM 1.0","url":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/","de":"Bilddateien sind lizenziert als Public Domain Mark 1.0<\/a>. Berlin, M\u00fcnzkabinett der Staatlichen Museen, 18200450. Aufnahme durch Lutz-J\u00fcrgen L\u00fcbke (L\u00fcbke und Wiedemann).","en":"Image files are licensed Public Domain Mark 1.0<\/a>. Berlin, M\u00fcnzkabinett der Staatlichen Museen, 18200450. Photographs by Lutz-J\u00fcrgen L\u00fcbke (L\u00fcbke und Wiedemann)."}},"revers":{"leg_trans":"","leg_text":"AVGG - GLORIA \/\/ PTRE","image_description":"Siebent\u00fcrmiger Mauerring mit monumentalem Torbau. Angegeben sind Quader des Mauerwerks, Turmhelme und Verzierungen der Torfl\u00fcgel. \u00dcber dem Tor Panzerstatue des Kaisers. Vorne Br\u00fccke \u00fcber den Flu\u00df. L. und r. je ein gefangener Barbar.","foto_date":"2005-06-11","photographer":{"ikmk_photographer_id":"4","photographer_name":"Lutz-J\u00fcrgen L\u00fcbke (L\u00fcbke und Wiedemann)","photographer_gnd":"","photographer_viaf":""},"path_thumbnail":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/image\/18200450\/rs_opt.jpg","path_opt":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/image\/18200450\/rs_opt.jpg","path_opt_rel":"images\/n0\/463\/rs_opt.jpg","path":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/image\/18200450\/rs_org.jpg","path_org":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/image\/18200450\/rs_org.jpg","image_timestamp":1643733410,"copyright":{"short":"PDM 1.0","url":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/","de":"Bilddateien sind lizenziert als Public Domain Mark 1.0<\/a>. Berlin, M\u00fcnzkabinett der Staatlichen Museen, 18200450. Aufnahme durch Lutz-J\u00fcrgen L\u00fcbke (L\u00fcbke und Wiedemann).","en":"Image files are licensed Public Domain Mark 1.0<\/a>. Berlin, M\u00fcnzkabinett der Staatlichen Museen, 18200450. Photographs by Lutz-J\u00fcrgen L\u00fcbke (L\u00fcbke und Wiedemann)."}},"division":{"ikmk_division_id":"1","division_name_de":"Antike","division_name_en":"Antiquity"},"sub_division":{"ikmk_subdivision_id":"15","subdivision_name_de":"R\u00f6mische Sp\u00e4tantike","subdivision_name_en":"Roman Late Antiquity"},"literatur":"H. Dressel, Die r\u00f6mischen Medaillone des M\u00fcnzkabinetts der Staatlichen Museen zu Berlin (1973) 314 ff. Nr. 192 Taf. 22, 9 (dieses St\u00fcck); RIC VII Nr. 1 Taf. 3 (dieses St\u00fcck mit Verweis auf drei weitere, 313-315 n. Chr.); A. von Sallet - K. Regling, Die antiken M\u00fcnzen \u00b3(1929) 137 mit Abb. (dieses St\u00fcck). - Zur Ablehnung der Identifizierung als Stadtansicht von Trier s. M. R.-Alf\u00f6ldi, Das Trierer Stadtbild auf Constantins Goldmultiplum: ein Jahrhundertirrtum in: H. Bellen - H.-M. von Kaenel (Hrsg.), Gloria Romanorum. Festschrift M. R.-Alf\u00f6ldi. Historia Einzelschriften 153 (2001) 143 ff. [wieder abgedruckt aus Trierer Zeitschrift 54, 1991, 239 ff.] (datiert ca. 315 n. Chr., zeige das Castellum Divitia in K\u00f6ln).","comment":"Als Multiplum eines regul\u00e4ren M\u00fcnzwertes (hier als besondere Pr\u00e4gung im doppelten Gewicht anstelle des \u00fcblichen (einfachen) Solidus) hat das St\u00fcck auch den Charakter eines Medaillons. - Ansicht der Stadt und r\u00f6mischen Colonia Trier (?), eines der kaiserlichen Regierungssitze in der Sp\u00e4tantike, nach M. R.-Alf\u00f6ldi aber des Castellum Divitia (K\u00f6ln-Deutz).","period":{"ikmk_period_id":"10","name_de":"R\u00f6mische Sp\u00e4tantike","name_en":"Roman Late Antiquity","description_de":"Hier definiert als die Zeit vom Regierungsantritt des r\u00f6mischen Kaiser Diocletianus 284 n. Chr. bis zum Untergang des westr\u00f6mische Reiches 476 n. Chr.","description_en":"Here defined as the period between the reign of Diocletianus (from AD 284) to the downfall of the Roman empire in the West in AD 476.","concept_id":"http:\/\/vocab.getty.edu\/aat\/300020666","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/periode\/10"},"year_start":"313","year_end":"315","date_verbal":"313-315 n. Chr.","year_islam":"0","references":[{"ikmk_referenz_id":123,"souce":"RIC VII Trier","number":"001","similar":"0"}],"type_references":{"4916":"http:\/\/numismatics.org\/ocre\/id\/ric.7.tri.1"},"manufacturing":[{"ikmk_manufacturing_id":"21","manufacturing_name_de":"gepr\u00e4gt","manufacturing_name_en":"struck","nomisma_id":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/struck","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/herstellungtyp\/21"}],"linked_persons_corporations":{"50":{"ikmk_type_id":"50","type_name_de":"Vorbesitzer","type_name_en":"previous Owner","type_nomisma_id":"","type_concept_id":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/4447273-0","ndp_id":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/persontype\/50","items":{"6170":{"ikmk_person_id":"6170","title_de":"Prof.","first_name_de":"Prospero","last_name_de":"Sarti","vitalDates":"-1904","title_en":null,"first_name_en":"Prospero","last_name_en":"Sarti","corporation":"0","lod":{"https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q16031053":"https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q16031053","http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/189227796":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/189227796","https:\/\/viaf.org\/viaf\/88750557":"https:\/\/viaf.org\/viaf\/88750557","https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prospero_Sarti":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prospero_Sarti","https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/person\/6170":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/person\/6170"},"year_from":"0","year_until":"0"}}},"54":{"ikmk_type_id":"54","type_name_de":"Dargestellte\/r","type_name_en":"Sitter","type_nomisma_id":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/portrait","type_concept_id":"http:\/\/vocab.getty.edu\/aat\/300189844","ndp_id":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/persontype\/54","items":{"482":{"ikmk_person_id":"482","title_de":null,"first_name_de":null,"last_name_de":"Constantinus I.","vitalDates":"um 270\/288-22.05.337 n. Chr.","title_en":null,"first_name_en":null,"last_name_en":"Constantinus I","corporation":"0","lod":{"https:\/\/www.britishmuseum.org\/collection\/term\/BIOG140661":"https:\/\/www.britishmuseum.org\/collection\/term\/BIOG140661","https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q8413":"https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q8413","http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/118565184":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/118565184","https:\/\/viaf.org\/viaf\/97746098":"https:\/\/viaf.org\/viaf\/97746098","http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/constantine_i":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/constantine_i","https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Konstantin_der_Gro\u00dfe":"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Konstantin_der_Gro\u00dfe","https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Constantine_the_Great":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Constantine_the_Great","https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/person\/482":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/person\/482"}}}},"57":{"ikmk_type_id":"57","type_name_de":"M\u00fcnzherr","type_name_en":"Authority","type_nomisma_id":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/authority","type_concept_id":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/1051614252","ndp_id":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/persontype\/57","items":{"482":{"ikmk_person_id":"482","title_de":null,"first_name_de":null,"last_name_de":"Constantinus I.","vitalDates":"um 270\/288-22.05.337 n. Chr.","title_en":null,"first_name_en":null,"last_name_en":"Constantinus I","corporation":"0","lod":{"https:\/\/www.britishmuseum.org\/collection\/term\/BIOG140661":"https:\/\/www.britishmuseum.org\/collection\/term\/BIOG140661","https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q8413":"https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q8413","http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/118565184":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/118565184","https:\/\/viaf.org\/viaf\/97746098":"https:\/\/viaf.org\/viaf\/97746098","http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/constantine_i":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/constantine_i","https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Konstantin_der_Gro\u00dfe":"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Konstantin_der_Gro\u00dfe","https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Constantine_the_Great":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Constantine_the_Great","https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/person\/482":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/person\/482"}}}},"125":{"ikmk_type_id":"125","type_name_de":"Ver\u00e4u\u00dferer (an Museum)","type_name_en":"Vendor (to Museum)","type_nomisma_id":"","type_concept_id":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/4126928-7","ndp_id":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/persontype\/125","items":{"5437":{"ikmk_person_id":"5437","title_de":null,"first_name_de":null,"last_name_de":"Dr. Jacob Hirsch (M\u00fcnchen)","vitalDates":null,"title_en":null,"first_name_en":null,"last_name_en":"Dr. Jacob Hirsch (Munich)","corporation":"1","lod":{"https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q13693861":"https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q13693861","http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/5121242-0":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/5121242-0","https:\/\/viaf.org\/viaf\/129825926":"https:\/\/viaf.org\/viaf\/129825926","https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/koerperschaft\/5437":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/koerperschaft\/5437"}}}}},"keywords":[{"ikmk_keyword_id":"1","keyword_de":"Antike","keyword_gnd_uri":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/4068754-5","keyword_concept_uri":"http:\/\/vocab.getty.edu\/aat\/300055818"},{"ikmk_keyword_id":"53","keyword_de":"Architektur","keyword_gnd_uri":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/4002851-3","keyword_concept_uri":"http:\/\/vocab.getty.edu\/aat\/300263552"},{"ikmk_keyword_id":"18","keyword_de":"Deutschland","keyword_gnd_uri":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/4011882-4","keyword_concept_uri":"http:\/\/vocab.getty.edu\/tgn\/7000084"},{"ikmk_keyword_id":"70","keyword_de":"Gold","keyword_gnd_uri":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/4157819-3","keyword_concept_uri":"http:\/\/www.nomisma.org\/id\/av"},{"ikmk_keyword_id":"31","keyword_de":"M\u00fcnzstand: Antike Herrscher","keyword_gnd_uri":"","keyword_concept_uri":""},{"ikmk_keyword_id":"43","keyword_de":"Portr\u00e4ts","keyword_gnd_uri":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/4006627-7","keyword_concept_uri":"http:\/\/vocab.getty.edu\/aat\/300015637"},{"ikmk_keyword_id":"6","keyword_de":"Sp\u00e4tantike, 3.-5. Jh.","keyword_gnd_uri":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/4124227-0","keyword_concept_uri":"http:\/\/vocab.getty.edu\/aat\/300020666"},{"ikmk_keyword_id":"54","keyword_de":"Stadtansicht","keyword_gnd_uri":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/4126697-3","keyword_concept_uri":"http:\/\/vocab.getty.edu\/aat\/300015571"}],"timeline_themes":[{"ikmk_timeline_id":"46","timeline_item":"Von 293 bis zum Ende des 4. Jahrhunderts n. Chr.","description":"Die Regierungszeit des Diocletianus und seiner Mitherrscher (284-305 n. Chr.) ist gekennzeichnet durch eine Neuordnung des Staatswesens: Neue M\u00fcnzsorten wie der Nummus (Follis), der Argenteus und der auf 1\/60 des Pfundes festgesetzte Aureus werden eingef\u00fchrt und in ein festes Wechselverh\u00e4ltnis gesetzt. Diese Ma\u00dfnahmen k\u00f6nnen die Verschlechterung des Geldes nur f\u00fcr kurze Zeit aufhalten. Constantinus I. (306-337) f\u00fchrt mit dem Solidus eine neue Gold- sowie mit Siliqua und Miliarense neue Silberm\u00fcnzen ein; die Bronzenominale unterliegen ebenfalls bereits einer Abwertung. Insgesamt wird aber zur Mitte des 4. Jhs. eine Tendenz zur Goldw\u00e4hrung deutlich. Neue Goldminen werden erschlossen und h\u00f6here St\u00fcckzahlen gepr\u00e4gt. Vom Bronzegeld werden bald in schneller Folge verschiedene Sorten ausgegeben, denen es aber durchweg an dauerhaftem Geldwert mangelt. So wird das Bronzegeld abermals um 348 reformiert, auch Iulianus (genannt Apostata, reg. 361-363) versucht sich in der Einf\u00fchrung eines neuen, gro\u00dfen Bronzenominales. Zum Ende der 360er Jahre wird die regelhafte Kennzeichnung der Solidi als Feingold (OB = Obryzum) verpflichend. Ihre Entsprechung beim Silbergeld ist das K\u00fcrzel PS = pusulatum. Auch nimmt die Bedeutung der silbernen Siliquen immer mehr ab. F\u00fcr die Bildsprache der M\u00fcnzen seit der Tetrarchie ist die Betonung der absoluten Stellung des Kaisers als Dominus (\u201eHerr\u201c) charakteristisch.","year_from":"293","year_until":"400","autor":"Dahmen, Karsten"}],"text_right":{"short":"CC BY-SA 4.0","icon":"https:\/\/licensebuttons.net\/l\/by-sa\/4.0\/80x15.png","url":{"de":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/deed.de","en":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/deed.en"},"label":{"de":"Creative Commons Namensnennung - Weitergabe unter gleichen Bedingungen 4.0 International","en":"Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International"},"string":{"de":"Texte und Beschreibungen in diesem Online-Katalog stehen unter einer\u00a0CC BY-SA 4.0<\/a> Lizenz.","en":"Texts and descriptions of this catalogue are licensed CC BY-SA 4.0<\/a>."}},"lod_right":{"short":"PDM 1.0","icon":"https:\/\/licensebuttons.net\/p\/zero\/1.0\/80x15.png","url":{"de":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.de","en":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.en"},"label":{"de":"Public Domain Mark 1.0","en":"Public Domain Mark 1.0"},"string":{"de":"Verwendete LOD-Identifikatoren sind Public Domain Mark 1.0<\/a>\u00a0lizenziert.","en":"LOD ids used are licensed Public Domain Mark 1.0<\/a>."}},"image_restriction_id":0,"image_restriction":"free","image_right":{"short":"PDM 1.0","icon":"https:\/\/licensebuttons.net\/p\/zero\/1.0\/80x15.png","url":{"de":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.de","en":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.en"},"label":{"de":"Public Domain Mark 1.0","en":"Public Domain Mark 1.0"}}}