{"ikmk_mds_id":"18203032","ikmk_id":"3095","eLearning_completed":"0","primary_source_id":"0","title":"Pantikapaion","inventory_number":"","activated":"yes","item":{"ikmk_item_id":"1","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/sachbegriff\/1","item_de":"M\u00fcnze","item_en":"Coin","item_nomisma":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/coin"},"permalink":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/object?id=18203032","permalink_source":null,"publisher":{"ikmk_publisher_id":13,"ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/besitzer\/13","publisher_name":"M\u00fcnzkabinett, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin - Stiftung Preu\u00dfischer Kulturbesitz","publisher_isil":"http:\/\/ld.zdb-services.de\/resource\/organisations\/DE-MUS-814819","publisher_isil_short":"DE-MUS-814819","UID":"http:\/\/ld.zdb-services.de\/resource\/organisations\/DE-MUS-814819\/18203032","legalBodyWeblink":"https:\/\/www.smb.museum\/museen-und-einrichtungen\/muenzkabinett\/home.html","author":"Weisser, Bernhard"},"owner":{"ikmk_owner_id":"13","owner_name":"Berlin, M\u00fcnzkabinett der Staatlichen Museen","owner_isil":"http:\/\/ld.zdb-services.de\/resource\/organisations\/DE-MUS-814819","owner_isil_short":"DE-MUS-814819","owner_www_address":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/","nomisma_address":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/mk_berlin","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/besitzer\/13","owner_type":{"de":"Eigentum","en":"Property","ikmk_type_id":"2","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/possession_kind\/2"}},"ikmk_status_id":"7","status":{"de":"vorhanden","en":"present","ikmk_status_id":"7","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/object_status\/7"},"nominal":{"ikmk_nominal_id":"1122","nominal_de":"Stater","nominal_en":"Stater","nominal_nomisma_id":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/stater","nominal_gnd_id":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/4210918-8","info_de":"W\u00f6rtlich die bzw. eine \u201eEinheit\u201c, also die Hauptw\u00e4hrungeinheit einer griechischen Stadt oder eines Staates. So ist die (silberne) Tetradrachme von Athen oder die korinthische (silberne) Tridrachme auch der jeweilige Stater innerhalb des lokalen Nominalsystems.\r\nZudem wird heute die Goldm\u00fcnze griechischer Zeit im Gewicht der Haupteinheit (also rund 8,6 g im attischen Standard) als Stater bezeichnet.\r\n\r\nLit.: F. von Schr\u00f6tter, W\u00f6rterbuch der M\u00fcnzkunde (1930) 656 f. s. v. Stater.","info_en":"Literally the resp. one unit. Hence designating the main unit within a certain currency of a Greek city or realm. The silver tetradrachm of Athens or the tridrachm of Corinth hence are also the stater within each denominational system. The main meaning though, especially in modern scholarship, is that of a denomination in gold of about 8.6 grams in the Attic standard.","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/nominal\/1122"},"date_last":"2023-03-14 01:49:51","coin_status":[{"ikmk_coin_status_id":"54","coin_status_name_de":"Stadt","coin_status_name_en":"City","coin_status_nomisma_id":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/city","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/muenzstand\/54"}],"mint":[{"ikmk_country_id":"80","country_ndp_url":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/land\/80","country_name_de":"Ukraine","country_name_en":"Ukraine","country_nomisma_id":"","country_geoname_id":"http:\/\/www.geonames.org\/690791","ikmk_region_id":"425","region_ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/region\/425","region_name":"Chersonesus Taurica","region_nomisma_id":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/the_tauric_chersonesus","region_geoname_id":"","ikmk_mint_id":"1007","mint_ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/ort\/1007","mint_name":"Pantikapaion","mint_name_de":"Pantikapaion","mint_name_en":"Panticapaeum","mint_nomisma_id":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/panticapaeum","mint_geoname_id":"http:\/\/www.geonames.org\/706524"}],"material":{"ikmk_material_id":"3","material_name_de":"Gold","material_name_en":"Gold","material_nomisma_id":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/av","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/material\/3"},"diameter":"18 mm","weight":"9.09 g","accession":"1882\/13","access_year":"1882","access_type":{"ikmk_access_type_id":"1","access_type_name":"Kauf","access_type_nomisma_id":"","access_type_concept_id":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/4128692-3","ndp_uir":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/zugangsart\/1"},"provenienz_extern":"","acquisition_date":"28.02.1882","avers":{"leg_trans":"","leg_text":"","image_description":"Kopf des Pan im Dreiviertelprofil nach l.","foto_date":"2010-11-03","photographer":{"ikmk_photographer_id":"3","photographer_name":"Dirk Sonnenwald","photographer_gnd":"","photographer_viaf":""},"path_thumbnail":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/image\/18203032\/vs_opt.jpg","path_opt":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/image\/18203032\/vs_opt.jpg","path_opt_rel":"images\/n3\/3095\/vs_opt.jpg","path":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/image\/18203032\/vs_org.jpg","path_org":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/image\/18203032\/vs_org.jpg","image_timestamp":1643736612,"copyright":{"short":"PDM 1.0","url":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/","de":"Bilddateien sind lizenziert als Public Domain Mark 1.0<\/a>. Berlin, M\u00fcnzkabinett der Staatlichen Museen, 18203032. Aufnahme durch Dirk Sonnenwald.","en":"Image files are licensed Public Domain Mark 1.0<\/a>. Berlin, M\u00fcnzkabinett der Staatlichen Museen, 18203032. Photographs by Dirk Sonnenwald."}},"revers":{"leg_trans":"","leg_text":"\u03a0\/A\/N","image_description":"Greif nach l. stehend, Kopf nach vorn, das r. Vorderbein ist angehoben. H\u00e4lt im Maul einen Speer. Unten eine Getreide\u00e4hre.","foto_date":"2010-11-03","photographer":{"ikmk_photographer_id":"3","photographer_name":"Dirk Sonnenwald","photographer_gnd":"","photographer_viaf":""},"path_thumbnail":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/image\/18203032\/rs_opt.jpg","path_opt":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/image\/18203032\/rs_opt.jpg","path_opt_rel":"images\/n3\/3095\/rs_opt.jpg","path":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/image\/18203032\/rs_org.jpg","path_org":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/image\/18203032\/rs_org.jpg","image_timestamp":1643736612,"copyright":{"short":"PDM 1.0","url":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/","de":"Bilddateien sind lizenziert als Public Domain Mark 1.0<\/a>. Berlin, M\u00fcnzkabinett der Staatlichen Museen, 18203032. Aufnahme durch Dirk Sonnenwald.","en":"Image files are licensed Public Domain Mark 1.0<\/a>. Berlin, M\u00fcnzkabinett der Staatlichen Museen, 18203032. Photographs by Dirk Sonnenwald."}},"division":{"ikmk_division_id":"1","division_name_de":"Antike","division_name_en":"Antiquity"},"sub_division":{"ikmk_subdivision_id":"4","subdivision_name_de":"Griechen, Archaik und Klassik","subdivision_name_en":"Greek, Archaic and Classical periods"},"literatur":"Friedl\u00e4nder - von Sallet Nr. 318 a (dieses St\u00fcck); Beschreibung (1888) 9 Nr. 2 Taf. 1,12 (dieses St\u00fcck); SNG British Museum 1 Nr. 859; G. K. Jenkins - M. Castro Hip\u00f3lito, A Catalogue of the Calouste Gulbenkian Collection of Greek Coins II (1989) Nr. 582-584; MacDonald (2005) Nr. 39; Anochin (1986) Nr. 97.","comment":"Die Greifendarstellung auf der R\u00fcckseite wird darauf zur\u00fcckgef\u00fchrt, dass das Gold des Bosporanischen Reiches aus dem Osten, dem Altai, stammte, wo es angeblich von Greifen bewacht w\u00fcrde. Das Ungeheuer soll ein Hinweis auf die Gefahren der Beschaffung sein. - Der Kopf der Vorderseite wird h\u00e4ufig als Anspielung auf den Stadtnamen Pantikapaion begriffen und daher als Pan bezeichnet. Aus ikonographischer Sicht weist das Fehlen der H\u00f6rner jedoch auf einen Satyr hin. Die Deutung als sog. sprechender Bildtyp hat jedoch insofern G\u00fcltigkeit, als es naheliegt, den Satyr von Pantikapaion als Anspielung auf den Spartokidenherrscher Satyros I. zu beziehen, der von 433\/432 bis 389\/388 v. Chr. das bosporanische Reich regierte. F\u00fcr die Gold-, Silber- und Bronzeemissionen aus Pantikapaion mit Satyrmotiv, die als k\u00f6nigliche Pr\u00e4gungen mit reichsweiter Bedeutung interpretiert werden d\u00fcrfen, l\u00e4sst sich aufgrund von Hortfunden eine relative Chronologie erstellen, wobei die Feinchronologie unsicher bleibt. Die Ausgabe der Statere k\u00f6nnte im 2. Viertel des 4. Jh. v. Chr. eingesetzt haben, die der Silberpr\u00e4gungen bereits etwas fr\u00fcher zu Beginn des 4. Jh. v. Chr. Vgl. zu Ikonographie und Datierung die Aufarbeitung der \u00e4lteren Literatur durch M. Langner, Barbaren griechischer Sprache? - Die Bildwelt des Bosporanischen Reiches und das Selbstverst\u00e4ndnis seiner Bewohner, in: F. Fless - M. Treister (Hrsg.), Bilder und Objekte als Tr\u00e4ger kultureller Identit\u00e4t und interkultureller Kommunikation im Schwarzmeergebiet. Internationale Arch\u00e4ologie ASTK 6 (2005) 53-66, bes. 56 f. Taf. 18-19.","period":{"ikmk_period_id":"2","name_de":"Klassik","name_en":"Classical","description_de":"Der (europ\u00e4ische) Zeit- und Kunstabschnitt ungef\u00e4hr zwischen 480 und 323 v. Chr.","description_en":"Term to describe the period from c. 480 to 323 BC in Greek art.","concept_id":"http:\/\/vocab.getty.edu\/aat\/300020093","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/periode\/2"},"year_start":"-380","year_end":"-303","date_verbal":"380-303 v. 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